Guest Friendship By Homer s The Odyssey - 994 Words

Guest-Friendship In the epic The Odyssey, by Homer, the tale of Odysseus’s homecoming is told through a number of stories. Within these stories, it’s shown how important the idea of hospitality is in their culture, and how different people may act when guests come to their home. Xenia, or guest-friendship, is the belief in Ancient Greece that when a guest comes to your home, you should bring them inside and give them food and drink until they are satisfied, and then after that you may ask them who they are and where they come from. Throughout the story, this is how most of the hospitality scenes happen, until there is a violation of the ancient belief. When xenia is violated, the men were to be punished by the gods, which is why so many people continued this belief. The violation of xenia majorly affects the story, both with the loss of Odysseus’s crew by the island of Thrinacia and the murder of the suitors in Ithaca, and it shows how important the idea of xenia is to the people of Greece. The first major violation of xenia that is shown is the slaughter of the Sungod’s cattle. Odysseus warns his crew not to stop by the island for a night’s rest, but he is outvoted and they stay for the night. In the morning, there are too strong of winds for them to leave, and they end up being stranded on the island for many days and nights, until they eventually run out of food. Odysseus knows that they cannot kill the cattle on the island because they are his prized possessions. It isShow MoreRelatedFar Removed From Our Individualistic Society Today Is The1514 Words   |  7 Pagessociety today is the ancient Greece portrayed in The Odyssey, by Homer, where hospitality and good-will are a given in the lives of decent, moral people. As commanded by Zeus himself, those who wish the favor of the Gods must welcome foreign and domestic visitors with hospitality. The term developed to describe this concept is the Latin, xenia or guest-friendsh ip. In ancient Greek literature, forms of the word xenia (ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ µÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±), are fairly common: Homer s two books, for example, contain about one hundredRead MoreHomer’s Epic The Odyssey Essay645 Words   |  3 PagesA hero isn’t shaped by his strengths but by the values he possesses. Homer’s epic, The Odyssey, reveals the moral and ethical constitution of the ancient Greeks. Over time, certain cultures have grown to value a number of human characteristics. Those who acquire such values become respected heroes. After the fall of Troy, the protagonist of the epic, Odysseus, set sail for his home, Ithaca, where his faithful wife and son were waiting for him. Over the course of his journey, Odysseus faced some of

Rationalism and Empiricism - 1004 Words

More and more language seemed to be to be an aberration by which we had come to lose the world. Everything that is named is set at one remove from itself. Nomenclature is the very soul of secondhandness ¦. When I began to think that way I began to see the true extent of our alienation. What if there existed a dialogue among the life forms of this earth from which we had excluded ourselves so totally that we no longer even believed it to exist? Could it be that dialog which we still sense in dreams? Or in those rare moments of peace when the world seems in some sense to be revealed to us and to be proper and right? I knew that dreams were prelingual ¦. Language is a way of containing the world. A thing named becomes that named thing. It is under surveillance. We were put into a garden and we turned it into a detention center. Cormac McCarthy, Whales and Men, (pp. 57-8). Since Ancient Times, humans have been arguing over meaning and sense do we know things directly or by observation or by impressions. These two views, rationalism and empiricism, share the view that we cannot know directly. The rationalist focuses more on the biology or cognitive science of the brain, while the empiricist on what can be observed. It is to what extent that we as humans become aware of our universe that helps us perceive our place, and the manner of how experience translates into knowledge. We can only couple this, as McCarthy notes, with language we need some sort of manner toShow MoreRelatedRationalism And Empiricism1119 Words   |  5 Pages Empiricism is based from sensory experience and observed facts. This view emphasizes that â€Å"scientific knowledge can be derived only from sensory experience† (Alligood, 2014, p. 15). Examples of sensory experience are seeing, feeling and hearing facts. This approach is labeled the research-then-theory strategy. An example that Alligood provides is that â€Å"formulating a differential diagnosis requires collecting the facts and then devising a list of possible theories to explain the facts† (2014, p.Read MoreRationalism Vs Empiricism : Rationalism Versus Empiricism1385 Words   |  6 PagesDolce â€Å"Rationalism vs Empiricism† Today in society, many people are free to follow whichever philosophical view that they feel is right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism statesRead MoreEmpiricism and Rationalism Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages(Markie, 2008, section 1.2) Yet, philosophical empiricism is defined in such an absolute way; which causes philosophical empiricism to be an inaccurate philosophical position from which to address all aspects of human life. Philosophical empiricism is defined as â€Å"the belief that all human knowledge arises from sense experience.† (Nash, 1999, page 254) Yet, medical empiricism is so far to the other extreme as to be insulting, while this empi ricism is still said to be based on all sensory experience;Read MoreEpistemology : Empiricism And Rationalism Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesmany objections as to why one would be skeptical about the world as we know it. There are two main positions in epistemology: empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism is the belief that all of our knowledge must come from sense experience that we have encountered, and there cannot be knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience (Notes). On the other hand, rationalism is the belief that humans can have another source of knowledge apart from sense experience, and that source of knowledge is reasonRead MoreThe Between Empiricism And Rationalism Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesdivision between empiricism and rationalism in different ways of thinking about how we reason and rationalise that knowledge and how it is reliable and certain, epistemology gives us our professional theories, beliefs and practices and how we differentiate between what is true and false. (Scott, 2014). †¢ Rationalism – knowledge acquired using reasoning, using intuition and deduction to analyse how the person concluded and how they validate the argument or concepts presented. †¢ Empiricism- knowledge isRead MoreRationalism vs. Empiricism Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesRationalism and empiricism were two philosophical schools in the 17th and 18th centuries, that were expressing opposite views on some subjects, including knowledge. While the debate between the rationalist and empiricist schools did not have any relationship to the study of psychology at the time, it has contributed greatly to facilitating the possibility of establishing the discipline of Psychology. This essay will describe the empiricist and rationalist debate, and will relate this debate to theRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 PagesRationalism and Empiricism Rationalism and Empiricism are most likely the two most famous and intriguing schools of philosophy. The two schools deal specifically with epistemology, or, the origin of knowledge. Although not completely opposite, they are often considered so, and are seen as the Jordan vs. Bird of the philosophy world. The origins of rationalism and empiricism can be traced back to the 17th century, when many important advancements were made in scientific fields such as astronomyRead MoreDifferences Between Rationalism And Empiricism1890 Words   |  8 PagesIn what follows I will define and differentiate between rationalism and empiricism and illustrate the core beliefs and justifications from both sides. As defined by Horrigan, epistemology is the â€Å"science and study of knowledge, primarily occupied with what we know, and how we come to know it.† (Horrigan 2007, 8) Rationalism, as Nelson highlights, is the belief that â€Å"reason gains our knowledge of the world alone, whereas e mpiricism is the belief that all knowledge is based on experiences derived fromRead MoreEssay on Rationalism vs. Empiricism: The Argument for Empricism855 Words   |  4 Pagesepistemology: rationalism and empiricism. These two, very different, schools of thought attempt to answer the philosophical question of how knowledge is acquired. While rationalists believe that this process occurs solely in our minds, empiricists argue that it is, instead, through sensory experience. After reading and understanding each argument it is clear that empiricism is the most relative explanatory position in epistemology. To begin with the question of rationalism versus empiricism, it is importantRead MoreEmpiricism and Rationalism: Searching for God and Truth Essay838 Words   |  4 Pagesrealism, empiricism, and rationalism they have even tried to convince nonbelievers about the defensibility and validity of God. But regardless of the findings it has always been an individual’s choice of what to believe and who to believe in. There has also been a perception about a greater power that has many searching for proof. The existence of God for some philosophers have fueled a many arguments that to this today still have not been answered. The two streams I will discuss are Empiricism, and

Management in Global Environment Friedman

Question: Discuss about theManagement in Global Environmentfor Friedman. Answer: Introduction The study has been divided into two broad divisions. The first part talks about globalisation and Friedman has described it. It has been found that the world is becoming flat due to the impact of globalisation. This has eventually created risk for many because globalisation is no longer between two countries but it has turned to be between companies. In order to combat against the increasing competition, these companies are undertaking major steps that might create risks for the people in the globalised world. The other part of the paper talks about the organisational culture followed at Toyota. The management is highly focused towards creating a collaborative culture and promotes diversity in the organisation. Although it is Japanese car manufacturer, the Company has always valued the culture of other regions where it operates. E-learning Activities Thomas Friedman on Globalisation; 3 Eras of Globalisation; World is flat Risks of Living in the Flat World of Globalisation: Friedman has talked about the globalisation and how the world is going flat with everything connected to each other. The primary risk is that in a globalised world whatever can be done will be done. The concern is whether it will be done by a person or to the person. Secondly, it has been pointed out that the globalisation is no longer between two countries but it is between two companies (Fredman 2015). This has automatically created the economic competition beyond ones imagination. The liberal arts education is going to matter the most in this flat world. Thus, the risk of living in this flat globalised world is increasing. Iron Rule of the Flat World: With the increased connectivity and the availability of options to transmit information, innovation and any secret information are likely to pass on within fraction of seconds. Thus, Friedman has proposed one single Iron rule to be followed in the business. When the world is flat, whatever can be done, will be done (Zheng et al. 2014). The second great rule is the idea of convergence. Out of convergence, we all are learning the habit of convergence. Lastly, Friedman has talked about the three most influential countries in the process of globalisation these are India, China and the former Soviet (Glenberg 2014). These are the countries that are utilising the phenomenal objective of the flat world. Globalisation Level Across the World: Globalisation is level is not uniform around the world. Countries like China, India have more impact than other countries like USA because one of the key symbolisms of globalisation is business outsourcing that is carried on in these countries (Darling-Hammond 2015). In addition to it, it has also been evident that the Indian and Chinese population are taking away the jobs in the developed nations. This has automatically disturbed the balance of the level of globalisation. Toyotas Corporate Culture and the Problem of Spreading its Culture Toyota has emerged as the worlds top car manufacturer company in terms of its production system. The car manufacturer has aimed high and the key principle inculcated in the organisation is by its management. The production system requires management to set the employees at different levels of the organisation. However, strong emphasis is made when it comes to building the corporate culture at the organisation (Collins et al. 2015). The organisation has always seen the opportunity in the other markets and has always undertaken the cultural aspect of the particular country in its business operation. MITs Steven Spear has put forwarded the same cultural perspective that is followed at Toyota. As pointed out by him that although it is a Japanese brand, the management has always considered American culture in its business activities. Toyotas corporate culture is also focused towards the innovative approach as well as focused towards the people of the organisation. The 7 dimensions of the corporate culture can be discussed here: Innovation and risk taker: The car manufacturer encourages innovation at each step of designing and manufacturing the cars (Jayamaha et al. 2013). Individual initiative: The mangers and the employees are also given individual authorities to come up with their individual approach towards any kind of management decision. This creates a unique culture in the organisation that supports everyones point of view. People oriented: For Toyota, the employees come first. The management always give credit to the employees for their hard work and success is noteworthy (Arifin 2014). Team work: The Company completely believes in team work and always encourages the same. The management advocates team work by giving due recognition to employees in al levels. Aggressive: The Company is aggressive towards its management decision in order to maintain competition in the market where it operates (Anitha and Begum 2016). Shared values: The organisation completely believes in shared values and always gives the opportunity to the people of the organisation to present their view and opinion. Communitarians: Apart from the individualism, the organisation also supports communitarians as it gives a wider perspective of knowledge in terms of innovation or technology that is the main focus of the car manufacturer (Anitha and Begum 2016). The success of Toyota worldwide can easily be given to the cultural values that they share among the employees at different levels of management. Although it is Japanese Company, it never fell short of its expectation in treating the culturally diverse people right. Conclusion: With the detailed analysis of the impact of globalisation it has been evident that the world is turning flat indeed and the scope of the business to get close to each other is increasing. The globalisation is no longer a matter between two countries but it has become a perspective of two companies in the intense competitive market. On the other hand, the culture at the Toyota has been friendly and concerned enough to put together the people to achieve the common objective for the business. The success of the organisation worldwide can be given to the organisational culture easily. References: Anitha, J. and Begum, F.N., 2016. Role of Organisational Culture and Employee Commitment in Employee Retention.ASBM Journal of Management,9(1), p.17. Arifin, H.M., 2014. The influence of competence, motivation, and organisational culture to high school teacher job satisfaction and performance.International Education Studies,8(1), p.38. Collins, K.F., Muthusamy, S.K. and Carr, A., 2015. Toyota production system for healthcare organisations: prospects and implementation challenges.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,26(7-8), pp.905-918. Darling-Hammond, L., 2015.The flat world and education: How America's commitment to equity will determine our future. Teachers College Press. Fredman, T.L., 2015. The World Is Flat A Brief History Of The 21St Century. Glenberg, A., 2014. Few Believe the World Is Flat.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,68(4), p.250. Jayamaha, N.P., Wagner, J.P., Grigg, N.P., Campbell-Allen, N.M. and Harvie, W., 2014. Testing a theoretical model underlying the Toyota Wayan empirical study involving a large global sample of Toyota facilities.International Journal of Production Research,52(14), pp.4332-4350. Zheng, L., Feng, L. and Yong-Shi, W., 2014. Exotic electronic states in the world of flat bands: From theory to material.Chinese Physics B,23(7), p.077308.

Transit Point free essay sample

Merloni replace its network of regional warehouses with Transit-points? In order to be able to answer to this question, we first have to calculate the costs of operating, inventory and transportation from both alternatives (the current system and the transit point) and then compare them. However, as the case doesn’t have complete information to compute these costs, we have to do some assumptions. First, we have to separate the 17 regions in two groups: the Urban regions and the Rural ones. To former this groups we used the criteria of the average daily demand. So, if the region has a daily demand bigger than the average of the 17 regions (99,21= 1686,6/17), it will be included in the Urban regions. Otherwise, it will incorporate the Rural group. After doing this, we will assume that the operating, inventory and Short-Haul Transportation Costs per piece and per month will be the same for each group and will be equal to the ones of the exhibit 10 of the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Transit Point or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second, in order to calculate the transportation costs between the central warehouse and the retailers, we have to assume that the transit point will be near the location of the Region Warehouses. If so, the costs of transportation until the Transit point will be the same of the long-haul transportation and the costs between the transit point and the retailers would be the same of the Short-Haul transportation Costs. We also have to determine the distances between Fabriano and the Regional Warehouses. In order to do this, we use the map of the exhibit 7 from the case. We know that this distances can not be exactly the real ones (because the roads are not in a straight line), but as we don’t have more information about this on the case, we decide to use the map. Analyzing the exhibits 1, 2 and 3 and assuming that the goal of Merloni is just maximize his value (minimizing its costs) we conclude that there is not only one good system. So, Merloni should use a combination of the two systems. The current system should be used for 6 regions: Bari, Bolzano, Cagliari, Catanzaro, Genova and Udine. In fact, although the operating and inventory costs decrease a lot in the Transit-Point system, the transportation costs increase much more in these regions. This happens because in the Trial-Point system the products should be transported to the regions every day, and sometimes with the trucks almost empty. The Transit Point should be used on the other 11 regions: Angona, Bologna, Catania, Firenze, Milano, Napoli, Padova, Palermo, Pescara, Roma and Torino where the elimination of inventory compensates the increase on the transportation costs. In conclusion, pursuing the goal of minimizing the costs, Merloni should use a mixed distribution system. We will have to consider that the distances between Fabriano.

From the 1967 Referendum to the Tent Embassy essays

From the 1967 Referendum to the Tent Embassy essays In 1967, the Australian Government, under PM Harold Holt, held a referendum to decide the faith of the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders. The question that was put to the citizens of Australia was should Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders be counted in the national census? The referendum of 1967 has raised many issues involving individuals and the government. For the individual, racism was slowly disappearing along with the White Australian Policy. Many European Australians, started to become aware of the level of discrimination, which was aimed at the Aborigines. Their attitude towards the indigenous changed dramatically, as racism became socially unacceptable. This was not only happened in Australia, right around the world, people in many countries were starting to reconcile with their indigenous people, which made Australians think of its own. White men were seen protesting with the blacks and many supported their claims to be counted in the census. As for the government, it was feeling the pressure of international attention. Prior to the 1967 referendum, Australia signed the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which revamped the indigenous peoples determination to be counted in the national census. The government was criticised for its treatment of its indigenous people. It soon decided the best solution was for its people decide the future of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. On January 26, 1972, after Prime Minister William McMahons stated that his government would not grant land rights, nor compensate the Aboriginal people, Aboriginal protester, with and bold and extreme scheme, came up with the idea of Aboriginal Tent, as an Embassy. Known as the Tent Embassy, it was set up on the front lawns of the Parliament House. The embassy had created a lot of issues that the individuals and the government had to deal with. ...

Tips for Writing a PhD Dissertation

Tips for Writing a PhD Dissertation Tips for Writing a PhD Dissertation Before writing their dissertation, PhD students should take a number of measures to ensure that they are writing the correct things. There are different sources of tips for writing a PhD dissertation. These tips give a guideline of how to write a good thesis, listing the steps that need to be followed. One of the aspects that should not be forgotten is the methodology. This is where the student gives an in depth analysis of the topic of the dissertation. Depending on the subject of discipline, this should cover the biggest part of the introduction section. The student should choose the methodology that they feel comfortable with. This decreases any chances of getting short of writing materials on the way. There are times when a student starts to write the methodology section only to find that they have exhausted all the knowledge that they had. Getting these tips helps the students choose the best methodology for their dissertation topics. Another way of getting help is obtaining, from a reliable source, an example of a dissertation that was perfectly done. This could be an example written by a student from the same institution, their lecturer or a different institution. Care should be taken to ensure that the student gets the example from a reliable source. To spare as much time as possible, PhD students should not include footnotes while writing their PhD dissertations. This should however not be confused with leaving out the references of the sources. It only means that the student should minimize on the contents of the paper that do not add to the word count as expected. For instance, if a student is writing a brief dissertation, including words that do not add content to the dissertation limits the points that they will discuss in their dissertation. For this reason, the student will be forced to include the main point s only so that they get the full mark as compared to filling the paper with content that will instead lower their grade. When a student chooses a topic, they need to be sure that they will populate it to the latter. One of the tips of assisting the student to do so is writing down the main points. Here, the student writes down the key words that will guide them in elaborating the entire point. It reduces any probability of forgetting important sections of the PhD thesis. The student is at the advantage of finishing the paper in good time because they have somewhere to refer their main points and that research will be an easier task. Students should form a habit of researching from different sources to ensure that they get the opinions of different writers. The student should visit different writers to get some of the important tip of writing their thesis. When you need professional academic assistance in writing a PhD paper visit our custom dissertation writing service .

International Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International Strategic Management - Assignment Example To adequately address his concept of sustainability, Elkingtons (1998) introduced the three Ps that include people, profit and planet therefore, the concept of Triple Bottom Line. Since the introduction of the TBL framework in mid 1990s, many organizations have been adopting the practice as their main approach that supports sustainability goals especially based on the increased ability to measure environmental and social impact in addition to the more traditional financial performance. This essay presents an evaluation of the concept of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) and its usefulness for businesses. The difficulties of measuring TBL especially social and environmental components is also discussed bearing in mind there is no standard unit of measure for the two. By definition, TBL refers to an accounting approach for business, non-profit and government organizations to assess performance based on three frameworks covering financial, environmental and social dimensions. However, TBL represents a more complex measure of performance as it includes social and ecological aspects of the organization, which is difficult to quantify during the process of assessment. Further, this is a more plausible measure as it is more comprehensive than the eco-efficiency method of sustainability measurement, which had also gained widespread use during the time of TBL introduction. To simplify further the application of this framework, Elkingtons (1998) presented its application in terms of the three Ps comprising people, planet and profits (3Ps). The researcher, therefore, was able to breakdown his analysis where people as a bottom line refers to all the individuals interacting with the organization or products and the impact both the organization and products has on them. The organization will therefore be concerned with the wellbeing of individuals such as farmers, suppliers, of raw materials and employees

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Tort Law - Essay Example This additional amount is known as punitive damages. Similarly, there may be situations whereby the plaintiff may file an injunction which prevents the defendant from injuring him or her or from invading one of his or her property. Tort laws are laws instituted to offer compensation to persons who have been harmed due to the irrational actions of a second or third party. The claims in tort generally involve state law, and are based on the postulation that individuals are at all times liable for their own actions, if it either directly or indirectly results in the injury of others. Tort law constitutes a branch of private law that is also characterized by contract law, property law and restitution. A tort law has a distinctive capability of transferring the problems of a victim plaintiff, to another person, the defendant2. In the tort law, the duty of care is that legal obligation that is imposed upon a person requiring that the individual stick to the standard of reasonable care in c ourse of executing any acts that can foreseeable harm other individuals. In order to establish whether there was an act of negligence in this case or not, there is need to first consider if the Healthy Organics Ltd, Maahir, Harry, the paramedics, Fred as well as the Surgeon who used a \ new non-invasive technique who can be regarded as defendants in this case, owed the plaintiffs (the affected individuals) a duty of care. In other words, are the five reasonably responsible for the injuries sustained by Syed, Maisy, Tom, Gerry, and Robert? As it is in this case, it is certain that there was a duty of care that is imposed by law that the defendants in this case breached and as provided by law such individuals are subject to liability. Exploration The article under analysis comprises of a number of cases that lie within the context of tort. The first is a scenario whereby a tort suit is applicable is in the case against Maahir, who is in possession of work man tools that aid him in eff ectively undertaking his work. As such, he is tasked with the obligation of ensuring the tools he uses are kept away safely, lest they inflict injury on any second or third party. Regrettably this is what unerringly materialized. Via a series of events made probable by laxity on the part of Maahir, Syed, an innocent child, is hurt. Explicitly, this set-up is characterized by elements of strict liability. Strict liability entails the plaintiff ascertaining, beyond a doubt, the defendant had an obligation to guarantee something was kept safe. Subsequently, the defendant failed to perform this duty, thus, leading to injury of the plaintiff. In this case, there was foreseeability as the random and careless placing of tools in an environment characterized by children was bound to eventuate in injury. In this occasion, Maahir had a liability on the injury sustained by Syed. When this case is looked into closely, there exists negligence on the part of Maahir. However, Syed must prove that he was a primary victim of negligence. In the ruling Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire3, it was ruled that primary victims only have to prove that the injury was foreseeable. Furthermore, there is no need to establish that psychiatric injury was indeed foreseeable4. As such, under this criterion then Maahir is liable for the injury sustai

Marketing Plan Skylarknet a Wireless Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan Skylarknet a Wireless Essay Wireless mesh networking is the latest tech in this field. Internet pro Wireless networks provide unprecedented freedom and mobility for a growing number of laptop and PDA users who no longer need wires to stay connected with their workplace and the Internet. Ironically, the very devices that provide wireless service to these clients need lots of wiring themselves to connect to private networks and the Internet. This wiring is expensive to install and change, and deployment must be carefully planned and timed to minimize disruption to normal business operations. Permits or permissions may be required, and then there are the laborious tasks of pulling, terminating and testing the copper wiring or fiber optic cabling. With all the work involved, it should not be surprising that wiring can be the most expensive part of a â€Å"wireless† network! Indeed, the many obstacles associated with wiring are now preventing or delaying the deployment of wireless applications that could deliver a real competitive advantage or a high return on investment—or both. This marketing plan provides an overview of implementing Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) service for the first time in the suburban areas of Bangladesh. Wireless Mesh Network is an exciting new technology which has tremendous potential especially for a developing country like Bangladesh. Quite a few African countries are already benefiting from this novel technology. Supported by the growing buying power, a number of desktop and laptop users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh are badly in need of high quality internet service. In the world of internet the best suitable option stands for the suburban areas is the wireless technology. We plan to act as a service and equipment provider for the local ISP dealers and some institutional market such as university campus, NGO, hospitals and nursing home etc. As we are the pioneer of this new technology we conducted an insightful analysis of the competitor’s position and their offerings. The marketing plan starts with the situational analysis of the current market. External and internal factor analysis (SWOT analysis) provides a clear picture of current scenario. Grameen Phone, Qubee, Banglalion, ZoomUltra are our main competitors. But the cost of their offering is much higher than ours. Because there lies a higher establishment cost. Eliminating wires dramatically reduces the implementation costs, and substantially simplifies on-going operations. Without wires, the network becomes far more adaptable and flexible. That’s why we focus on the cost effectiveness and performance of the WMN service. We identify our company as a market challenger and set some strategies suitable for the challengers. Some pilot projects are planned to create the awareness among target customers. Based on these projects success further promotional and pricing strategies are set. In the later part of the report the feasibility of this marketing plan is justified by the financial analysis. Expense and sales are forecasted for the next three years followed by a break-even analysis. Overall monitoring and contingency plan (in the case of failure) completes the total planning for our company. Introduction In this world of modern technology, most people prefer not to connect computers with Ethernet cables because excessive cables scattered throughout their office or home is unsightly. One can choose to install a wireless network to avoid excessive cabling. For a wireless network, there is no need to use Ethernet cables to connect your computers to the DSL or router. Moreover, WLANs are available anywhere in the world at an affordable cost. In the suburban and rural areas Wireless tech suits best. Wireless mesh networking is the newest tech in wireless field. Our objective is to identify the potential suburban customers of Bangladesh who can afford a cost-effective internet service. Origin of the Study This report has been prepared a requirement to fulfill the course. This report evaluates the business opportunity of latest wireless mesh network technology in the suburban areas of Bangladesh from service provider point of view. Objective of the Study The primary objective of this report is to fulfill the course requirement of â€Å"Marketing Management†. The secondary objective is to describe a detail marketing plan for a new technology. Limitation of the Study There is no authentic statistics about the potential number of internet users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh. As this is a new technology, the costs of the equipments vary depending on the different manufacturers. We are making a new entry, so the estimation of potential market is based on the secondary data of other existing competitors rather than the primary data. Sales and expense is forecasted on the discretion of our part that may vary widely in real case implementation. Unavailability of previous year’s financial report necessitates greater recourse to mere guessing in some cases. Situational Analysis What is WMN (Wireless Mesh Network)? Mesh networks represent an emerging wireless networking technology that promises wider coverage than traditional wireless LANs and lower deployment and operation costs than 3G cellular networks. For these reasons, network operators and service providers consider mesh networking to be a serious candidate to solve the so called last mile problem. Some network operators worldwide have already started to deploy mesh based access networks offering nearly ubiquitous and inexpensive wireless Internet connections to their customers. Examples are Ozones mesh network in Paris (www. zone. net/en/) and The Cloud in the City of London (www. thecloud. net). The real business potential lies in operator based mesh networks. By their systematic design, deployment, and maintenance, operator based mesh networks provide higher levels of Quality-of-Service (QoS), meaning larger coverage, higher speed, and more reliable operation. In addition, it can be argued that mesh network operators in a given geogra phical area will cooperate in order to further optimize their costs and increase the QoS provided by their networks. The form of the cooperation can range from traditional roaming agreements to joint provision of specific services. Figure 1: Wireless Mesh Network Strategic planning is important because in well-run companies the goal from the very top of the organization down to where one is working should form a more-or-less unbroken chain (or â€Å"hierarchy†) of goals. At the top of the company the president and his or her staff set strategic goals. These goals should flow from top and make sense in terms of the goals at the next level up. Then the vice presidents’ subordinates set their own goals, and so on down the line. In this way, management creates a hierarchy or chain of departmental goals, from the top down the lowest-ranked managers, and even employees. Then , if everyone does his or her job-if each salesperson sells his her quota, and the sales manager hires enough good salespeople, and the HR manager creates the right incentive plan, and the purchasing head buys and CEO should also accomplish the overall, company-wide strategic goals. One could therefore say with great certainty that without a clear plan at the top, no one in the company would have the foggiest notion of what to do. Wireless Internet Market in Bangladesh Wireless Internet Service was first introduced to Bangladesh in public by cell phone giant Grameen Phone. Then other GSM mobile phone operators like Banglalink, Aktel and Warid follow suit. Citycell, the only CDMA based mobile phone operator in Bangladesh introduced the Zoom internet service, which was a little different from the other mobile phone operators in that consumers could connect to internet by using a USB modem included in the Zoom package. Later on Grameen Phone also introduced a package where they include an USB modem.

Lady Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

Term Paper On Lady Macbeth William Shakespeare created a dynamic character called lady Macbeth; she was the total opposite of what women of the Shakespearian era were supposed to be. Despite qualities women were supposed to have in Shakespeare’s time, Lady Macbeth defied the way most women of her time acted. Lady Macbeth defied the ways of women of her time by being manipulative, ambitious, and ruthless. Women’s lifestyles back in Shakespeare’s time period was very different from the modern day women’s lifestyles of today. The characteristics for women of that time was that women should be uneducated, should follow chastity, take care of the home and should not join a profession or get a job. Most women were denied the chance to be schooled beyond the basics of simple reading and very little writing. Some women of the upper class were schooled but they were not looked upon as educated women but were instead welcomed to the company of men. Women would not be able to enter professions because of the lack of education and the fact that they were women. For the poor women their work was spinning and weaving. The best job that they could get was to be an overworked nurse. The only real profession that women at this time could get into was marriage. In marriage women were expected to only take care of the home and anything that would benefit the home. When entering mar riage women were further endorsed by the law. The law said that when entering marriage women became property of the men and all their belongings were the mans property now and the man could do whatever he wanted with these belongings such as selling them. A woman was generally fail and soft, which proved their overall weakness. A good woman of that time was supposed to be practice obedience, patience, chastity, modesty, and virtue. Women who didn’t live up to these expectations were considered to be â€Å"bad women†. During their free time Elizabethan women would sing, dance, and write letters. (Papp and Kirkland) Lady Macbeth defied many if not all the ways of women of the time period. She was very ambitious in achieving her goals. Lady Macbeth took charge in the murder of Duncan. Macbeth was in shock when he killed Duncan and Lady Macbeth said to Macbeth: My hands are of your color, but I shame To wear a heart so white. [Knocking within.] I hear knocking At the south entry: —retire we to our chamber.... ...o persuade him against his will. She tells things just how she sees them fit and tells it like it is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Macbeth is by far the total opposite of what a Shakespearian woman is supposed to be. She is bold, ambitious, ruthless, cold hearted, vicious and manipulative. A true woman of the Elizabethan era would be humble stand by he husband and take care of the house and would not resemble any of the things that lady Macbeth resembles. All of her actions and decisions prove her to be different from woman of that time. Lady Macbeth is truly unique and an epic character in literature that will always be remembered for how ruthless and different from a true Shakespearian woman really was suppose to be. Work Cited Coriat, Isador. â€Å"The Hysteria of Lady Macbeth†. (Internet) Available at www.galenet.com. November 25 2003 Epstein, Norrie. â€Å"Lady Macbeth†. N.Y.: Thomas & Thomas Publishing, 1993 Papp, Joseph and Kirkland, Elizabeth. â€Å"The Status of Women in Shakespeare’s Time†. (Internet) Available at www.galenet.com. November 25, 2003 Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. (Internet). Available at www.sparknotes.com. November 29, 2003

Beowulf Essay Introduction Essay

No one from Anglo-Saxon epos survived to our days has received such widespread recognition as â€Å"Beowulf†. This poem is the only major work of heroic epic, preserved entirely. Apparently, the song was born in a military circle, because the main place is reserved for battles, soldiers, and feasts. A description of other aspects of the life of Anglo-Saxon society is absent. A composition arose on the basis of ancient Germanic traditions related to pagan times. They appeared among local tribes long before the Anglo-Saxon resettlement on the territory of Britain. Events in the poetry take place on the shores of the Baltic Sea while its plot is borrowed from German mythology. The work includes two parts and tells about exploits of the brave Geat Knight Beowulf, who rescued Denmark from a terrible sea monster Grendel. For the past twelve years, Heort has been attacked by this beast. To help King Hrothgar, with fourteen soldiers, the protagonist floats. Generously awarded Beowulf returns to his homeland and tells King Hegelac about everything that happened to him. The latter gives him the land, and when his son Heardred dies in a battle with the Swedes, Beowulf becomes a king of the Geats. The second part of narrative depicts how, after fifty years of prosperous reign, Beowulf enters the battle with a fire-breathing dragon descended his possessions. He gets a mortal wound and dies, appointing his successor. In its composition, the poem is a complex phenomenon. The motifs of legends are combined with elements indicative of their later processing in the spirit of the Christian religion. From the text of a story, names of pagan gods disappeared, but biblical ones are mentioned. Thus, Grendel is called a descendant of Cain, sea monsters are hell spawns. The work repeatedly points to an intervention of God in the ongoing events. Poem’s spirit is in clear contradiction with later stratifications and insertions. A satirical fantasy reflects a mythological interpretation of history and relationship of tribes during the early Middle Ages. People are shown in their encounter with formidable forces of nature, represented in the images of a stormy sea, sea monsters, or a fire-breathing dragon. Piety and God-fearing are not dominant qualities of our hero. He does not have asceticism. In his character, there is the fullness of a primitive but integral personality. Such personage embodies features that give an idea about an ideal medieval warrior. The construction of the work is complicated by the fact that the story of Beowulf’s life and deeds is not always given in a certain sequence. Much of what is told about the main character is retrospective. Some episodes contain information about Germanic tribes and include details from the history of royal families of Geats, Danes, Swedes, and continental Angles. Poetic speech as a rhythmic structure of the composition is original. Widely used is the reception of parallelism, characteristic of epic monuments. Multiple repetitions of the same motif accent certain episodes of a plot and deepen their inner meaning. This refers to the topic of generic revenge. Thus, a thought is stressed that revenge for the deceased kin is a warrior’s duty. Thus, based on the poem â€Å"Beowulf†, you can get information about English soldiers of this era. However, a song covers only those traits that, in the public opinion of that community, a perfect warrior-ruler should have had. A work may be of interest to people involved in clarifying and studying ancient customs, for instance, there is a mention of a burial ceremony, etc. Through the eyes of a contemporary one could see an outlook of our ancestors.

Students

There Is so much that has been written on the topic of success. Success is envied and there is great aspiration by both individuals and organizations to achieve it. It is therefore no wonder that so much attention has been paid to it. Does the fact that success is synonymous with power make it even more precious to be sought for? How is success achieved and sustained, and what lessons can be learned from those who have ‘been there and done that. The word ‘success' when uttered is perceived in so many various ways as it means differently from person to person and from origination to organization. To some the word success brings Joy, to others it brings fear and for some it is taboo when associated with accumulation of wealth since money is viewed as the root of evil. However, Edwards (2007) stipulates that â€Å"money itself is just information moving about in a system†¦ And it is needed in order to acquire the things we need to live normal, healthy lives. Then, ther e are those who do not even give success a second thought at all. Abraham Moscow, in his model of Hierarchy of Needs indicates that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs ND therefore strive to achieve them. What is the secret to success and is there a formula that fits all? This paper is an addition to the statistics on the volumes of papers, articles and books that have been written on the topic of success with a view to understanding further the quest for man's desire to succeed.Definition of Success As stated above, the word ‘success' has different meanings to people or organizations depending on the desires and goals one wants to achieve. However for the sake of coherence of this paper It Is pertinent to have one or two working definitions. According to the Oxford Dictionary (British and World English) the word success has its origins in the Latin word ‘successes' meaning ‘come close after'. However the English definition of success is as follows: â⠂¬Å"It means the accomplishment of an aim or purpose; the attainment of fame, wealth, etc. Or the good or bad outcome of an undertaking. † Bennett (2006) is more comprehensive in that he has incorporated most of what people think on the subject. He has defined ‘success' as: â€Å"Living your dream every day with passion, having true wealth and knowing that there is more that you need. Learning appreciation, gratitude and positively influencing the lives of others in some way. Achieving true happiness by having loved ones with whom to share it all. † Bennett continues to say that success is a game of chance over which one has control.Triggers for Success Napoleon Hill in Chapter 2 of his book Think and Grow Rich emphasizes on having the burning desire to win as the first step to success and that our limitations are only those set up in our minds. However the desire to win does not Just happen on its own, it is generated from somewhere. Some of the contributing fact ors could be hang, frustration of the status quo, need to feel important, poverty, self improvement and responsibilities, Just to mention a few. In this case the position or circumstance that one is in becomes so unbearable that the only option is to seek or look for something better.A good example would be my own case that after working in the same position for over twenty years I became frustrated and in the spirit of self development I embarked on a Journey to find something more meaningful and that was to enroll for the Bachelor of Business Management & Entrepreneurship aerogramme, with a desire to start my own business after completion of training. How to achieve Success The fact of life is that we have all been given the same time frame, twenty four hours a day.What separates us is how the time is managed (Mark Tannin). It is surprising to note that other people spend most of their time doing favors for others, forgetting their own goals. Even though life is unpredictable, we still plan, set goals and take action in order to fulfill our dreams. It is therefore fair to say that our choices and decisions have made us who we are today. In order to succeed, life needs to be engaged at all levels and indecision or procrastination is merely a postponement of it (Sahara -2011).There is no ‘one formula fits all' in terms of success. This is because the nature of success and the approaches employed to achieve it differ from person to person or organization to organization, for instance how far is one willing to go? Success has to be embedded in the subconscious mind so that habits, beliefs and convictions are reinforced (Bennett, 2006). Since the subconscious mind can be programmed then it is approached with a positive mental attitude in that it becomes a tool for remounting all obstacles in your way. Mr..Them Managerial, Founder and Chief Executive of FED Bank, at the inception of his banking business in the early asses lost in processing fees after his ap plication was rejected by the Reserve Bank of Malawi. He was not deterred by the setback but forged ahead to accomplish his quest and he is now one of the few Mammalians reaping the fruits of hard work, persistence, perseverance and determination. Success is sacrifice in that we give up something of value for something else of higher perceived value and persistence can only be achieved through self discipline (Bennett, 2006).In order to be the best performer one goes through a roller coaster of mistakes and it takes a strong will for success to move on. This is echoed by Bennett when he says that mistakes make us better. Success is practice and it demands devotion and discipline. There are challenges and risks in every quest that one embarks on. This is because we leave our comfort zone in search for something better and sometimes in unknown territory. Here the famous story titled Who Moved My Cheese' by Dry. Spencer Johnson comes to mind.The story is about two little people  œ Hem and Haw, and two little mice – Sniff and Scurry who shared the same heap of cheese in the maze. Once the supply was depleted, the two little mice moved on in search off new heap. However Hem and Haw took a little longer in dealing with the predicament they were in. Eventually Haw decided to do something about the situation by going into other areas of the maze in search of new cheese, but Hem was not amused by this idea and decided to stay at the same station hoping that the cheese would reappear.In the end, for Haw and the two little mice, their hard work paid off and hey enjoyed their discovery of new cheese. Changing with the time enables us to keep the dream alive. In transcending fear we let goof limiting beliefs (Sahara, 2011). Fear is retrogressive to success and it is no wonder that only a few manage to live their dream. We should therefore be flexible and strive to approach each day with enthusiasm embracing whatever changes that come in our way as opportunitie s for growth. One way of gaining confidence is by seeking help and being mentored by experts in the field of interest.Associating with greater people makes one to develop like mind thereby moving in the flow of greatness (Bennett, 2006). Enjoying Success Every dose of happiness is precious and should therefore be well guarded. I believe that this is now the highest level in Abraham Mascots Hierarchy of Needs model – self actualization. However, learning is a life-long process, therefore changing with the time will ensure success in the long run. The desire for continuous self improvement is fuel for motivation. Learning to work steadily in a focused direction is smarter than extreme hard work which may be detrimental to one's health (WhiteDove Books, 2008). Philanthropy is viewed by many a successful people such as Bill and Melinda Gates as a way of giving back to society, thus recognition and status are reinforced. What one can learn from this discussion is that success cann ot Just be assumed and it is not so simple. It requires a complete changed mindset and bracing oneself for the tasks ahead by approaching each level with an open mind and maturity. However, everyone has the opportunity to succeed. For instance, Exxon Mobil Corporation the leader in energy has invested heavily in human resource as its backbone for success.

Death Penalty for Murderers essays

Death Penalty for Murderers essays Some people believe that emotional trauma, in a persons young childhood, is the main characteristic of a serial killer. The trauma, whether it be from an unstable family, a family separation or even parent abandonment, are part of the common characteristics of a serial killer and therefore, the blame should not be put on the serial killer himself, but rather society. The problem with this argument is that studies show that fifty percent of American marriages will end in divorce, yet half the citizens of the U.S. are not serial killers. This argument is similar to saying that eating meat is responsible for turning people into serial killers. If studied, close to one hundred percent, if not all, serial killers eat beef, chicken or fish on a daily, or semi daily, basis and the killer himself should not be punished for their deeds. Instead, all meat products should be banned and the American public needs to turn to vegetarianism in order to stop these killings. Many people fail to comprehend that the only person responsible for ones own action is him/herself. Since society has the highest interest in preventing murder, it should use the strongest punishment available to deter murder, and that is the death penalty. Whatever people fear most is likely to deter the most. Hence, the threat of the death penalty may deter some murderers who otherwise might not have been deterred. If one is already serving a life sentence for a crime unrelated to murder, the death penalty seems the only deterrence from stopping the inmate from killing a prison guard or even another inmate. If this did not deter them, then surely nothing else would have. Lastly, the death penalty will surely put an end to the killings of the condemned who was put to death. In death, one is no longer able to carry out such heinous acts. Capital punishment also helps the victims and their families by knowing that justice has been served and...

Daily Fuel Taking your ideas and making them a reality

Daily Fuel Taking your ideas and making them a reality Flawless execution will outperform strategy.   All. Day. Long.   If you’ve been making tons of suggestions and feel like you’re not being heard, then listen to this week’s Bossy Skirt advice on how to turn ideas into action.   The approach, not the idea, may be the obstacle. [Source: Daily Fuel]

Robert Nozick's Postition on Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Robert Nozick's Postition on Ethics - Essay Example Thus, the main rule or the formula in terms of Mill’s utilitarian thesis is that we ought to act and make decisions on the basis that the greatest good for the greatest number is achieved. Conversely, the basic tenets of Nozick’s position on decision theory, runs as follows: Nozick argues that our decisions ought to pass a test which states that one should only will for themselves that which they were willing to have everyone else do. Phrased in other terms, we ought not to lie because we would not be living in a society where lying was manifest universally. This notion is the categorical imperative, and it is central in terms of the philosophical background for the problem of incommensurability. More importantly, it is a shift in emphasis that maintains that it is the consequences and not the intentions that matter. It will be argued that Nozick's position is incommesurable with utilitarianism on the grounds that his focus is on the consequences, and this is an extensi on of what he see's as the limitations of focusing on the 'intentions' of actions. Considering the consequences and the intentions of an ethical decision is incommensurable, and this is the core of Nozick's critique of utilitarianism. What is important to note in a preliminary sense, is the quantitative approach taken to decision making in both philosophical utilitarianism and in Nozick. By quantitative, it is implied in the general sense that there is a formula and a measure to decide on ethical questions. Further, there is a concern with the ‘universal’ or the ‘greater number’ in both formulas. These are all key notions which is informing the general problem of in-commensurability Consider, for example, the problems which arise when measuring the two instances provided at the outset of this analysis. Consider an instance, where an individual was in the position of having to choose between having civic virtue ‘society’ and choosing to be loyal to his friend. And, in the other instance, an individual had to choose between his dying mother and the underground resistance movement – a form of civic duty again. One can see at the outset, a number of problems. If we apply utilitarianism, then, in both examples society is the greater good. And, if we take the categorical imperative as the measure, we can see some further paradoxes as well. For example, in the Nozickian framework the individual who turns against his friend (because of utilitarianism) is a committing an act which you would not to want to will universally. And, it is the ‘universal’, at the same time, who is the primary concern as well. The problem at this point, is related to the notion of the ‘universal’ and the connection with the universal along with the concept of measuring or quantifying. It can be said that quantification is an important consideration in both utilitarianism and in the notion of the universal in Nozick. He ar gues that when we are examining the relationship between the individual over and against the whole, it is impossible not adequately consider some qualitative distinctions. For example, he points out that while morality is as much a general ethos which is qualitative, that is, the general principles or values which any given culture maintains, the abstract measure of

Is the Marxist critique of capitalism still relevant in the Essay

Is the Marxist critique of capitalism still relevant in the contemporary global political economy - Essay Example This system argues that many businesses would ensure the presence of diverse products and services of topmost quality at a minimal cost. (1) Probably, the biggest criticism leveled by Marxism is that, Capitalism does not ensure equitable distribution of resources as the economy is primarily controlled by few powerful entities in the market, rather than any authority of the state. This leads to a scenario where the less powerful are subjected to exploitation by the mighty market forces. (2) In capitalistic economy, a substantial chunk of the manufacturers and producers pertain to the private sector, and are propelled by the major objective of enhancing profit. In this quest of theirs’, there is every possibility of the interests of the weak market entities getting jeopardized. (2) Over the past two decades, there has been a phenomenal surge in growth of technology and telecommunications. The advent of Internet has made the globe a very small place, with the geographical distances being of almost no relevance. As a matter of fact, this technological surge played a pivotal role in speeding up the process of globalization. Interactions, both commercial and political, among various countries have now become the order of the day. The rapid strides taken by the sphere of telecommunications led to the advent of many business entities, which are being enabled to carry on operations in many economies in a highly amicable environment. These state of affairs led to a scenario conforming to the tenets of Capitalism – countless business conglomerates have emerged, and which are now wielding tremendous economic power. Capital in the market is now being controlled by numerous forces. An extensive range of products and services are now being offered to consumers, especially in relation to the scenario of the past era where choices for consumers were limited. At

B2 Managing Organisational Change and Development Essay - 1

B2 Managing Organisational Change and Development - Essay Example This chain of hotels is one of the largest on a global level, specifically because of the infrastructure that it has created. However, projects for expansion are required to take new initiatives for the continuous expansion within the industry. Hilton Hotels is one of the largest corporations in accommodations and has built their company as being one of the most innovative hotel chains. They currently have hotels in six continents with over 530 hotels and resorts in over 76 countries. The standards that have been set by the hotel are based on providing innovative products, amenities and services to guests while considering the trends that are currently a part of the industry. For instance, many of the hotels are focused on providing green seals for the environment as one of the latest trends in the industry. The different hotels are built as franchise opportunities with the Hilton as the overall brand name that is within the industry. The reservation system is built from a multi – level option which allows different consumers to connect to hotels first by locality then by the types of amenities that they desire to have. The overall focus of the different concepts of the hotels is based on a spirit of hospitality and service while providing rooms for both leisure and business options. The hotel has also built a reputation from philanthropic activities taking place around the world (Hilton, www.hilton.com, 2010). The current status of the hotel industry, specifically with competition of the Hilton, is one that is becoming redefined through the current market. The recession in the United States from the year of 2007 created lower demands for the hotel while many consumers and businesses began to focus on budget instead of style. The expansion of the Hilton into other regions of the world carries the same concept, which includes high

Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Nursing Essay

Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Nursing Essay Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosis of men in Canada. In 2012, approximately 26,500 men in Canada were diagnosed with prostate cancer and approximately 4,000 died from the disease . Prostate cancer is strongly influenced by androgenic steroids . In advanced stage prostate cancer patients are typically treated using androgen deprivation therapy. . Androgen therapy is not curative and may only improve patients symptoms and may even reduce metastatic lesions . The benefit seen in androgen deprivation is often reduced over years of androgen therapy as the tumour will continue to grow despite low androgen levels. When this occurs the tumour is known to be castration resistant and is known to lead to prostate cancer- related mortality . Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) may present as either a continuous rise in serum prostate- specific antigen levels (PSA), progression of pre-existing disease, or appearance of new metastases . Many endocrine based therapies have been evaluated for CRPC with minimal success in prolonging patient survival . Systemic nonhormonal therapies using docetaxel, carbaztaxel, and active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T have been shown to prolong survival . A new drug abiraterone (Zytiga) has shown to improve survival and lower PSA levels in patients with CRPC. This article is to be used by health professionals to gain a thorough understanding of abiraterones indication, mechanism of action, side effects, dosage, clinical evidence, monitoring parameters, and contraindications. Indication According to the product monograph for abiraterone the drug is indicated with prednisone for the treatment of CRPC in patients who have received prior chemotherapy containing docetaxel. Mechanism of Action Abiraterone is formulated as a prodrug, abiraterone acetate, which is converted to abiraterone by the body and acts as a selective inhibitor of 17ÃŽÂ ±-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) . CYP17 is responsible for androgen biosynthesis in testicular, adrenal and prostatic tumor tissues . As illustrated in Figure 1, CYP17 catalyzes the conversion of pregnolone and progesterone into testosterone precursors, DHEA and androstenedione . The reduction in androgen production is beneficial for androgen-sensitive prostatic carcinoma. 722776-fig1.jpg Figure 1. Abiraterones mechanism of action in androgen synthesis Side Effects The most common side effects of abiraterone are caused by the mechanism of the drug on CYP17. As seen in Figure 2, inhibition of CYP17 causes on increase in the production of mineralocorticoids, which lead to hypokalemia, fluid retention, and hypertension . Other common side effects of abiraterone include myopathy, joint pain, abnormal liver function, hot flashes, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, bone fractures and cough . http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/9/1481/F4.large.jpg Figure 2. Effects of abiraterone on mineralocorticoid production . Dosage and Administration The recommended dosage of abiraterone is 1000 milligrams daily as a single dose . The tablets need to be swallowed whole and the dose should be taken on an empty stomach . To reduce the mineralocorticoid effects of abiraterone the patient should also use a low dose prednisone. The recommended dose or prednisone is 10 mg daily . Clinical Trials Evaluating Abiraterone The effectiveness of abiraterone in CRPC has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. In 2009, a study Attard et al., using forty-two chemotherapy-naÃÆ' ¯ve patients with CRPC received 1000 mg abiraterone . At follow up (median 505 days) a decline in PSA of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 50% of was observed in 67% of patients, with declines of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 90% in 19% of patients . A 2010 study by Danila et al., of fifty-eight men with CRPC previously on docetaxel received abiraterone 1000 mg daily with 5 mg of prednisone . Results of study illustrated that 36 % of patients had a PSA decline of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 50% . In 2011, De Bono et al. conducted a study including 1195 patients who had previously received docetaxel . Groups were assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive 5 mg of prednisone twice daily with either 1000 mg of abiraterone or placebo . The primary end point of the study was overall survival . The secondary endpoints of the study were time to prostate-specific antigen progression, progression-free survival according to radiological findings based on specified criteria, and PSA response rate . At a median 12.8 month follow-up overall survival was significantly longer in the abiraterone group compared to the placebo (14.8 months vs. 10.9 months, p. The secondary end points all favoured the treatment group; time to PSA progression (10.2 vs. 6.6 months; p. The studies using abiraterone in CRPC illustrate that the drug provides a moderate improvement in cancer progression and improves survival in patients. Monitoring Parameters Health professionals should place on emphasis of monitoring patients using abiraterone. Before treatment hypokalemia and hypertension must be normalized in patients who are scheduled to use the drug . It is important to routinely monitoring a patients blood pressure while they are on this product. Potassium levels should be checked at baseline and regularly to prevent hypokalemia in patients. Patients should also be checked for signs of fluid retention, such as peripheral edema. Liver function tests (ALT, AST, and bilirubin) should be measured prior to initiating abiraterone treatment and continued every two weeks for the first three months of treatment and monthly afterwards . Patients should routinely be assessed for other common side effects, including joint pain and urinary tract infections. Conclusion CRPC is a very advanced stage of prostate cancer that is fatal. Abiraterone (Zytiga) has been shown to prolong survival and lower PSA in men with CRPC. The drug works by selectively inhibiting CYP17 and lowering the production of testosterone via upstream inhibition of precursors in prostate, adrenal, testicular tissues. The selective inhibition of CYP17 leads to a large increase in mineralocorticoid activity in the body leading to hypertension, edema, and hypokalemia. The excess mineralocorticoid activity is typically diminished by administering 10 mg of prednisone daily with abiraterone. It is important to note that abiraterone is indicated as a second line therapy for patients who have failed treatment with docetaxel. While on abiraterone patients need to be monitored for hepatic function, hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema. .

computers :: essays research papers

SECURITY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Introduction Wireless devices, like all technologies that provide external access to corporate networks, present security challenges. With wireless standards and practices still rapidly evolving, it is important to understand the strengths and limitations of available technologies in order to implement a secure solution. Extending current security policies to encompass wireless devices requires an understanding of the security features of both wireless devices and wireless networks. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to assist in the decision whether Lotus Development should extend current security policies to encompass wireless devices. The following are critical security questions: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What challenges are faced with wireless security? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How can you verify that the device being used is actually in the hands of an authorized user? How can you enhance the security of the device? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How secure is the over-the-air network between the organization and the wireless device? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How can you secure the wireless session? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should Lotus development include wireless devices in their security policies? Research Methods and Procedures Through traditional and electronic research of books, periodicals, and business journals, secondary research was conducted. Figures were constructed through extensive research and study of interactions of networks. Wireless Security Challenges   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mobile devices and wireless networks rely on a broad spectrum of technology, much of it cutting-edge. In comparison to PCs, each class of mobile device currently represents a unique hardware and software platform. Mobile phones, for example, have varying capabilities and limitations both as computing devices and as client devices accessing corporate networks. The wireless networks that support mobile devices are similarly diverse. By relying on industry standard protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, SMTP and TAP, Mobile Services supports many of the major wireless networks currently in operation. This standards-based approach also provides MSD with a common security model that can operate across wireless networks, while at the same time taking some of the complexity out of doing business with different wireless network providers (Braden 1997). However, it is important to understand that there is currently no industry-wide security standard that will work on every mobile device and on every wireless network, in the way that X.509 and SSL span the PC universe. MSD bridges this gap wherever possible by adding its own security features (Freeburg 1991). Mobile Device Security Most mobile devices currently provide only a simple username/password combination to block use of the device (a few also offer local data encryption). And since most users do not employ even this rudimentary level of security, mobile devices like pagers, mobile phones and PDAs are essentially unsecured (Aziz 1993).

Belonging in The Simple Gift and Arthur Essay

Every person needs a sense of belonging. Belonging is defined as acceptance as a natural member or part. Scientific research has found that man’s need to belong is a pre-coded instinct found in the primitive brain or amygdale. Without a sense of belonging a person’s well being can be seriously affected. In the book The Simple Gift by Steven Herrick, the main theme is belonging as it follows a boy’s journey to find a place where he feels he belongs. In the book Arthur by Amanda Graham, the author shows the feelings displayed by someone when they don’t belong and then their feelings when they do belong. E.T. is a movie directed by Steven Spielberg which also has the main theme of belonging. The two main protagonists, Elliot and E.T., don’t feel a sense of belonging with anyone until they meet each other. The Simple Gift shows how much people need to belong. Billy is only 15 when he runs away from home. He finds a place to stay temporarily in Bendarat, but it isn’t long until he realises that Bendarat is a town where he feels he belongs. Billy uses descriptive language to show that he feels he belongs in Bendarat. He says â€Å"Bendarat is the perfect town. A friendly librarian, a warm McDonald’s, luxury train accommodation, and the town is surrounded by apple and pear orchids. The real strength of the feeling of belonging is shown through the character Caitlin. Caitlin has got everything from her wealthy parents that she has ever asked for. It is only until she meets Billy that she realises that there has been something missing from her life, something that money can’t buy. Caitlin describes this feeling after she reads a note Billy had left her, and she says, â€Å"I read this and felt something in my stomach, a slight ache, a twinge, and I knew it was hunger but not a hunger for food. And I blushed with the knowledge.† She finds her own sense of belonging with Billy, which makes her happier than she has ever been. Billy and Caitlin are brought together by their wishes to belong. Although they are opposites in society, this difference means nothing to them. Arthur is a picture book written by Amanda Graham. In this book Arthur is a dog in a pet store. Arthur desperately wants to belong to a family and not to be stuck in the pet store. He sees many other animals be sold to families, but he just doesn’t get sold. He impersonates the other animals that are being sold as he thinks that this could give him more of a chance of belonging. Arthur is finally bought by a family and he finds himself happier than he has ever been before. Arthur shows how much everyone needs to belong, and how much you would try to belong if you were lonely. He also shows the benefits of belonging through his new found happiness. Arthur is similar to Billy in The Simple Gift as they are both willing to do almost anything to belong and when they do belong they both find themselves happier than they have ever been. E.T. shows how many differences can be overcome in order to belong. E.T. is an alien that is left behind after travelling to Earth with his friends. He is lonely and scared, and has no idea how he will get home. E.T. meets Elliot and both E.T. and Elliot immediately form a friendship greater than either had felt before. E.T. feels that he doesn’t belong on Earth, but Elliot does everything he can to make E.T. feel like he does belong. E.T is very similar to Billy in the Simple Gift as he is in a place where he knows nobody, has no home and wishes to belong. Both Billy and E.T. are lonely until they meet someone they both form a strong connection with. Billy finds Caitlin and with Caitlin he feels he belongs. E.T. finds Elliot and he feels he belongs. In all of these texts, the main characters have been found someone they belong with and a place where they belong. In every case the feeling of belonging has made them happier and made their lives feel more purposeful.

Book Journal: The Black Jacobins

The book ‘The Black Jacobins’ is a pen craft of Mr. C. L. R. James. James has scrutinized here an event happened in 1791; which brought out the Revolution of Haitian. The reasons that caused this revolution to take place are the main concerns of his account. He has analyzed the points of progress where economic and class differences overpowered the racial differences. Gradually picturing the whole scenario, he has carefully plotted his findings comparing the French and Haitian revolutions.He has matched his findings on every event with the French and Haitian revolutions. French camp was San Domingo and all the slave trade used to happen here only to cater the French government. All the efforts that France was making against USA, UK, and the communal divisions that existed within her had put a customary influence over the stepping forward of the San Domingo revolt. Writer percepts the class difference had overpowered racial difference.The French revolution is one of the m ajor causes of Haitian revolution as far as the influence is concerned. Other causes include the events like insurgence of the working class natives, and Bastille event. The above-discussed causes affected the slaves very much. Another hub of attention is the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture. L’Ouverture’s life has also been analyzed by James. It has been suggested for this forefront facing revolting head that he had organized people, unified the rebellious forces, and also headed some fundamental wars.He fought from the forefront and after he was caught, his army generals became his predecessors. He had been a terrible idol and his character has almost been vague in the writings of different authors. The work of C. L. R James is depicting a great and influential description of the struggles and events occurred at that time and author has almost idealized the leadership qualities of that time (James, 1989). Works Cited James, C. (1989). The Black Jacobins: To ussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution . Vintage.

Homework Solutions Essays

Homework Solutions Essays Homework Solutions Paper Homework Solutions Paper The latter rate would rise more slowly than the rate of increase in GAP with the least effect of the three types. Conversely, in an economic slowdown, a progressive tax falls faster because not only does it decline with income, it becomes proportionately less as incomes fall. This acts as a cushion on declining incomes-?the tax bite is less, which leaves more of the lower income for spending. The reverse would be true of a regressive tax that falls, but more slowly than the progressive tax, as incomes decline. Question 4 Briefly state and evaluate the problem of time lags in enacting and applying fiscal policy. How might politics complicate fiscal policy? How might expectations of a near-term policy reversal weaken fiscal policy based on changes in tax rates? What is the crowding-out effect, and why might it be relevant to fiscal policy? Question 1 It takes time to ascertain the direction in which the economy is moving (recognition lag), to get a fiscal policy enacted into law (administrative lag), and for the policy to have its full effect on the economy (operational lag). Meanwhile, other factors may change, rendering inappropriate a particular fiscal policy. Nevertheless, discretionary fiscal policy is a valuable tool in preventing severe recession or severe demand-pull inflation. A political business cycle is the concept that politicians are more interested in reelection than in stabilizing the economy. Before the election, they enact tax cuts and spending increases to please voters even though this may fuel inflation. After the election, they apply the brakes to restrain inflation; the economy will slow and unemployment Will rise. In this view the political process creates economic instability. A decrease in tax rates might be enacted to stimulate consumer spending. If households receive the tax cut but expect it to be reversed in the near future, they may hesitate to increase their spending. Believing that tax rates will rise again (and possibly concerned that they will rise to rates higher than before the tax cut), households may instead save their additional after-tax income in anticipation of needing to pay taxes in the future. The crowding-out effect is the reduction in investment spending caused by the increase in interest rates arising from an increase in government spending, financed by borrowing. The increase in G was designed to increase AD, but the resulting increase in interest rates may decrease l, Thus the impact of the expansionary fiscal policy may be reduced. Question 7 Why did the budget surpluses in 2000 and 2001 give way to a series of budget deficits beginning in 2002? Why did those deficits increase substantially beginning in 2008? The economy was sluggish through 2002, lowering revenues, and in June 2003 Congress again cut taxes.

Business Regulation Government or Self

Business Regulation Government or Self Introduction The government and business participate in the process of executing their respective economic roles. The government plays the role of governing by controlling and directing people on how to carry out their economic activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Regulation: Government or Self-regulation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The administration controls and guides various state parties or persons who have the power of developing the courses of action. Business entities constitute one of the parties within a state, which the government has a share in their operations. Business entities encompass all organizations that engage in the trading of goods and services. Governments and business entities demonstrate a mutual relationship. Businesses thrive in environments in which the government has established policies to guide their conducts through the enactment and development of authoritative r ules or a condition that customarily governs behavior while not curtailing businesses’ fundamental freedoms. For example, businesses must serve the interests of the communities. Thus, the government ensures equal public participation in business processes. Should the government engage in the regulation of all businesses, including their decision-making process and the setting of their policies? This paper addresses the role of government regulation on businesses. The goal is to determine whether businesses should operate as free entities by ensuring deregulation. The Role of the Government in Regulating Businesses The government plays a proactive role in ensuring a fair play of businesses in the process of executing their functions. In all markets, the government regulates the conduct of business players. Indeed, even in liberalized markets, businesses should be monitored to avoid unethical practices among the competing entities.Advertising Looking for essay on busine ss economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government safeguards the environment, promotes fair labor practices, and/or guarantees healthier working conditions while at the same time setting the minimum wage for workers. Businesses also have a responsibility of developing their self-regulatory models. However, the government should play the ultimate role in ensuring that the set standards are met and that all stakeholders operate within the laid down regulations. Organizations are established to perform different functions depending on whether they are profit-making or non-profit-making entities. For profit-making organizations, their strategies are developed consistently with the profit maximization behavior in mind. Thus, business strategies are formulated in accordance with the need to enhance the performance of a firm in the short and long term. Rumelt, Schendel, and Teece (2009) provide evidence for this asserti on by claiming, â€Å"As never before, strategic management academics have adopted the language and logic of economics† (p. 5). The magnitude of profit is one of the most crucial parameters to measure business performance. In this context, neoclassical economics firms are characterized by profit maximization. Such firms make products through the deployment of cost-analysis formulas that ensure that marginal revenues are equal to marginal costs. While increasing profit levels, minimal costs should be less than marginal revenues. Without appropriate regulation, the profit maximization behavior may be explored as a business policy without paying ardent consideration to the negative consequences of their cost reduction strategies on stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Regulation: Government or Self-regulation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the government needs to engage in business regulations to protect the interest of various stakeholders who may be harmed by a business entity when it is permitted to make decisions without appropriate guidance. The government has interest in the regulation of businesses in the context of various issues such as health, safety standard in administrative centers, wages and salaries, advertising, imposition of taxes, and other items that relate to employee fundamental rights. Organizations increase their profits by pushing the maximum number of products to the market. This process involves promotion through advertising. Organizations can engage in unethical practices in advertising simply to make high sales if not controlled by the government. This claim means that through regulation, the government ensures that all marketing efforts guarantee that the target audience gains the highest good from the products. This role is well played out by the US government through its regulation of business entities. For example, FDA has diff erent regulations on the advertisement of pharmaceutical products. In case of advertisements of products with claims, an organization must make a fair balance in the advertisement through the inclusion of the likely risks in â€Å"major statement’ and ‘adequate provision’ for access to ‘brief summary’† (Ventola, 2011, p.682). This strategy helps to avoid the transfer of product risks to their intended consumers who are targeted by business entities’ advertising campaigns. In the US, state and federal laws protect individuals and organizations’ intellectual properties (IP). Thus, one of the issues that relate to IP entails theft or infringement of copyright. The IP bears national and international perspectives.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More National laws and regulations control and protect patents. International conventions guarantee that the licenses have specific rights while also ensuring that laws exist to enforce the rights in contractual relationships. Legal litigation involving IP resolves the question of whether the defendant has copied the claimed work or invention or whether the plaintiff owns the claimed work. Therefore, through regulation by means of legislation, the government ensures that the operations of a business entity do not lead to infringement of other state parties’ rights. These expositions reveal how the government plays the role of ensuring a fair play in business practices and relations through the development and implementation of regulations with which business entities must comply. The government plays an essential role in regulating businesses to ensure environmental sustainability. To this extent, companies are required by state organizations that are in charge of regulating busin ess conducts, especially if they interfere with the environment, to ensure that they produce and distribute green products. Indeed, ensuring sustainable modern supply chains is essential for businesses, especially following the heavy emphasis on producing and giving out green products in the effort to curb environmental degradation. Adopting green business strategies is not only a measure for ensuring sustainable long-term business operations but also a measure for ensuring that an organization behaves and acts in a socially responsible manner. This claim reveals how government regulation can help businesses to develop strategies for ensuring environmental cautiousness by setting acceptable standards in relation to waste generation and disposal. Although individual states have environmental regulations, government agencies and international treaties may also create additional directives. For example, in the US, the Environmental Protection Agency plays the role of enforcing various environmental laws that are enacted by the federal governments. It accomplished this mission through inspections, enhancing, and ensuring transparency and accountability in business operations to the environment. It also guarantees compliance with the established laws. Apart from the environment, the labor sector is another crucial area of government regulation. Businesses face the changing government regulations. In fact, employment and labor constitute one of the areas that the government has an interest in establishing rules in a bid to safeguard the interests and rights of workers. In the US, employment and labor laws relate to the regulation of minimum wages, compliance with health standards, safety in the work environments, equality in terms of accessing employment opportunities, and privacy regulations among other issues. One of the most important mechanisms for regulating employment and labor is ensuring employees’ freedom to choose to remain employed by a business es tablishment without any coercion. In the US, the government ensures that businesses respect this right through the employment-at-will doctrine. With an exception of Montana, in all regions in the US, employment contracts are guided by the employment-at-will doctrine. In other nations, employment dismissals are based on reasonable causes. States that retain the at-will-presumption assert that the law is essential in respecting contract freedoms and/or ensuring employer reverence. Instead of job security, most employers and employees prefer the presumption. The employment-at-will doctrine holds that employers have the right and freedom of terminating employee(s) at any particular time for whatever reason they deem necessary apart from an illegal purpose and/or when an organization does not incur any liability. The doctrine also allows employees to quit their jobs any time without giving any reason or having to issue a notification. Once they follow this path, they should not face any legal consequence. Government regulations of conducts of businesses through doctrines such as the employment-at-will attract criticisms to the extent that some companies may capitalize on the available loopholes to disadvantage some employees. For instance, the at-will presumption gives employers the freedom to alter employment terms without giving prior notice and/or without attracting any legal consequences. This observation means that employers can change wages and salaries and withdraw certain benefits without any legal liability. Therefore, in the absence of any modification, the laws open employees to the vulnerability of arbitrary dismissals or being called for work without following any schedule to meet the employers’ needs. In many states, including South Carolina, contractual terms modify the employment-at-will doctrine. For instance, employers and employees can enter into contracts with the provision for termination in an event of a cause. In South Carolina and oth er states, apart from Montana, negotiations for contractual employment terms are mainly done with top-ranking employees only. This situation leaves low-ranking employees with the collective bargaining as the only option for modification of the employment-at-will doctrine that is anchored in employment and labor laws. This case suggests that the adherence to proper principles of protection of employee rights also requires not only government regulations through laws, but also the willingness of businesses to participate with goodwill in the development of policies for protecting employee employment relations. Should the Government Intervene to Protect Culture, Enforce Minimum Wages, Safety Standards, and/or Prevent Unjust Discrimination? Profit-making businesses embrace bargaining economic models in realizing their objectives. The model â€Å"presumes that an organization is a cooperative, sometimes competitive, resource distributing system† (Barney 2007, p.68.). Competitivene ss in the allocation of resources is enhanced through strategies, for instance, cost reduction in relation to the anticipated returns on investments. In this context, Collins and Jerry (1996) reckon, â€Å"Decisions, problems, and goals are more useful when shared by a greater number of people with each decision-maker bargaining with other groups for scarce resources, which are vital in solving problems and meeting goals† (p.87). The proclaimed goals refer to the aims and objectives of an organization as stipulated in the businesses’ action plans and terms. Strategic plans establish action plans that are established in the implementation plan procedures (Barney 2007). The concept of cost reduction that is embraced in business strategic management approaches is analogous or even equal to the cost elements that are used in profit-maximization models. For maximum profits, costs must remain low. In some situations, this process may involve the cutting down of labor costs a nd/or reduction of benefits provided to employees. Therefore, the government needs to get involved to ensure that businesses provide wages and salaries that can enable employees to live a worthwhile life. Under the principles of corporate social responsibility, businesses have a responsibility to ensure that they do not just serve their interest while ignoring the benefit of other stakeholders. While this situation is expected to streamline business behaviors, checks are essential for businesses that fail to comply with corporate responsibility ethical requirements by exploring discriminatory policies, exploiting employees, and/or failing to ensure safety standards among other issues. Therefore, the government needs to intervene to regulate businesses to enforce minimum wages, safety standards, and/or prevent unjust discrimination. Indeed, safety comprises an essential factor that many governments control across the globe. Protection may apply to workplaces and in products and servi ces. The US government ensures ardent regulation of businesses with respect to product safety. Product safety involves proper product labeling and description of packaged contents. The ingredient that is described on the product label should not only match the contents, but also reveal the substances that are permitted by the Foods and Drug Regulation Administration (FDA) body. The FDA inspects mass-produced products to ensure that businesses meet this ethical requirement. This plan ensures that unethical businesses do not sell unsubstantiated products, which may cause damage to their consumers. The government has the responsibility of ensuring that businesses do not explore discriminatory policies while employing people or evaluating contracts bids. The 2009 data from the US Census Bureau depicted a close relationship between small business populations’ racial and gender characteristic. According to the data, women represented 28 percent of all active contractors. This figur e corresponded to 28 percent of their total share of the population of people who engage in small businesses that focus on contracting or subcontracting with federal governments. From the context of minority groups, data from the same organization showed that persons of color accounted for 24 percent of all active small business contractors against their population of 20 percent in the overall population of small businesses. This data indicates that small business owners have equal opportunities in winning a federal contract, irrespective of gender, or racial demographic characteristics. Apart from the federal governments, even in private business establishments, the government has a responsibility for ensuring equality and fair play among different business industry actors. It is essential for the government to ensure that organizations do not engage in practices that lead to the exploitation of employees in terms of salaries and wages by regulating minimum payments and/or denying benefits such as health insurance. It also needs to intervene to guarantee that unjust discrimination does not occur. However, it is essential to note that some otherwise considered discriminatory practices are beyond the government control. Female small industrialists encounter challenges that are articulated to business formation and equal engagement in government contracts. In the effort to ensure that the businesses overcome these challenges, the US government has created policies such as affirmative action to increase the number of minority-owned small business firms that can secure government contracts. For instance, it has established a policy that requires the reservation of 5% of all contracts that are awarded by federal governments to minority-owned small businesses (Trechiel Scott, 2006). Nevertheless, such policies do not necessarily translate into increasing the number of marginalized people-owned small businesses that engage in government contracting. Why does this si tuation occur? Inequalities exist between men-owned and women-owned small businesses. The organization reveals that women-owned business revenue accounted for only 9 percent of the entire US economy in comparison with the 36 percent contribution from the revenue that was generated by the men-owned small business enterprise in 2011. This observation suggests that in case women increase their revenue objectives to equalize with small businesses that are owned by men, they are likely to make a more significant economic impact. However, a scholarly question emerges on how this goal can be accomplished. Trechiel and Scott (2006) suggest that women small business owners lack adequate â€Å"negotiating, assertiveness, and decision-making skills† (p.52). Government regulations fail to resolve any inequality that arises from differences in expertise levels. Government regulation only provides legal processes that ensure that the best business owners in terms of skills and knowledge ba ses acquire contracts and opportunities to do business with it. In the process of protecting employee interests, the government needs to take part in the development of policies for regulating business conducts. The plans should address the freedom of unionization. Labor unions are essential in different nations. They ensure the protection of employee interests. They fight for better salaries and wages, reasonable working hours, and safe and conducive work environments for their members. Labor unions also fight for unsuitable forms of labor, such as child labor. They ensure that employees gain health benefits. They also support people who are injured in work environments to pursue their rights through the payment of damages. This claim suggests that the government needs to support the ordinary course that employees pursue through labor unions. Such a course reflects significant areas of concern to the government while developing employment and labor regulations. Businesses have diff erent cultures. As a way of making sure that all organizational stakeholders focus on common goals and objectives, it is essential for them to subscribe to a common form of thinking, interacting, and upholding values and norms. Organizational norms, standards, and ways of thinking define an organizational culture, which needs to be aligned with the operations of a business entity. Organizations’ cultural elements constitute some underlying assumptions that when adopted and observed by all stakeholders, especially the diverse workforce, can aid in enhancing the success of a business entity. This claim suggests that any government interference with a business entity’s traditions through cultural regulation influences the variation of norms and values that differentiate business entities. Thus, such regulations may create an inappropriate organizational cultural hegemony within a nation after considering that a culture is an essential aspect of business entities’ c ompetitive advantage. While it is crucial for governments to regulate some aspects of business, others such as culture are inappropriate. An alternative to government regulation of businesses entails allowing organizations to behave as good corporate citizens. They need to self-regulate themselves in matters of cultures, policies on minimum wages, safety standards, and/or protection of employees against unjust discrimination. An emerging question is whether organizations should protect culture, enforce minimum wages, safety standards, and/or prevent unjust discrimination through self-regulation. Self-regulation of Businesses Government regulations are important in ensuring that businesses balance the interests of different stakeholders rather than focusing on profit maximization behavior. However, in the absence of government regulation, business entities also need to develop their internal mechanisms for ensuring protection of their cultures. They need to shun from exploring polici es that encourage unjust practices such as discrimination or failing to provide safe and healthy working environments for their employees. A good functioning of an organization requires control and monitoring. One of the ways of ensuring self-regulation in business entails respecting the principle of corporate responsibility and corporate governance. Corporate governance comprises one of the ways of controlling and enhancing the monitoring of business operations. At its basic premise is the need to alleviate disagreements of interest among partners. This agenda is mostly accomplished through the enactment of various customs, laws, processes, policies and institutions, which have enormous repercussions in terms of affecting the manner in which businesses are controlled. Eliminating conflicts of interest between businesses and employees requires firms to develop and implement policies that guarantee fundamental freedoms of employees, including unionization. Corporate governance polici es and other control structures may help to regulate employee conducts and decisions by defining what is ethically permitted. However, organizational culture may act as important regulator of employee decision-making processes. Businesses owners need to effectively deploy strategic initiatives to instill an influential culture of loyalty, which helps to drive ethical decision-making processes among employees. Through utilitarianism as an appropriate ethical theory to influence business culture, self-regulating becomes possible. For example, as a self- regulation mechanism, businesses can deploy utilitarianism to regulate employee cultures so that without government regulation, different stakeholders can act in a manner that guarantees utmost good for all. In the formation of organizational cultures, governments’ influence is inappropriate after considering that regulations must apply harmoniously within different organizations. This situation creates a government-induced cult ural hegemony in various businesses. Thus, they lack the opportunity to differentiate themselves. Therefore, governments should not regulate organizational cultures, unless where such cultures pursue policies that are misaligned with the acceptable practices in corporate social responsibility and ethics such as failure to embrace organizational diversity, which may lead to discrimination of employees on racial, ethnic, and gender lines when remunerating them or giving various benefits. Although organizations should not be regulated by influencing or protecting cultures, regulation is essential on other matters such as enforcing minimum wages, safety standards and preventing unmerited favoritism. This position is held with reference to the various experiences in which businesses have pursued policies that disadvantage employees through their exploration, amid the existence of government regulations on these issues. For example, over the last decade, some major manufacturing organizat ions have encountered criticisms over exploration of policies that have led to the re-emergence of sweatshops accompanied by discrimination and the paying of low wages. Some business entities, especially in areas that are exempted from minimum wage laws and/or regions that are dominated by consistent denial of the freedom to unionize, employees are often subjected to poor working conditions and low pay. In such businesses, child labor is also high. The current US government labor laws prohibit businesses from employing minors. The government also places legal requirements that improve the rights of workers, such as setting minimum wage and the number of hours per work shift. This achievement has been realized through intensive struggles of labor movements against sweatshops that appeared during the industrial revolution. Such regulation ensures that organizations do not self-regulate themselves on matters that undermine the rights of the citizenry. This position is perhaps correct c onsidering that failure to comply with the established business conventions may not attract any legal liability. In this context, Powell (2012,) asserts, â€Å"trade unions, minimum wage laws, fire safety laws, and labor laws have made sweatshops rare in the developed world† (p.452). Nevertheless, such achievements have not eliminated sweatshops in the US, although the term is more related to manufacturing organizations in the developing nations. This claim suggests the necessity of government regulation for businesses to ensure that they continue respecting human rights in their policies rather than just focusing on increasing their profitability by overworking employees or paying them low wages and salaries. Businesses have the responsibility of motivating their employees, enhancing safe working environment, and/or guaranteeing job satisfaction. Therefore, government regulations on work environment standards also produce positive implications for businesses. Employees who a re treated poorly produce goods that fail to pass the quality test. Through government regulations, appropriate conditions are also created for businesses to benefit from employee commitment. Self-regulation in some businesses gives them the freedom to explore policies that are not in agreement with employee safety and health. For example, it is common in China and other developing nations to find garment factories in which workers execute their daily routines in an environment that has fiber-dust enriched air. Permitting businesses to pay their workers without following government-enacted regulations on minimum wages only creates the likelihood of companies to underpay them or keep on reviewing their salaries and wages upward and downward. Such a situation exposes employees to business operational environment dynamics to the extent that they cannot plan their lives well. This claim is perhaps well evidenced by the case of Honduran garment manufacturing factory. In 2003, employees a t the factory were paid only USD0.24 for every shirt and USD0.15 for a long-sleeved t-shirt. Shirts went for USD50 in the retail market. This finding suggests that even if a worker makes 100 shirts in a day, he or she will still not afford a single shirt that he or she makes, notwithstanding other daily needs. Therefore, the government needs to intervene to regulate Honduran garment in terms of imposing regulations on minimum wage and salaries. For several years, Nike has faced criticisms for employing children in its Cambodia-based plants. However, the company refuted the accusations claiming that it was possible for people in Cambodia to fake their age by corruptly obtaining false documents. The company uses a minimal portion of the cost of production of its pair of shoes (70 pounds) in the payment of labor. Whether this assertion is true or not, government regulation of minimum wages and salaries can help to eliminate such negative accusations, which may impair the success of a b usiness, especially where some nations prohibit the exportation or importation of products that are produced with child labor, discrimination, and/or in unsafe work environments. Apart from the criticism for the violation of labor laws that govern the operation of manufacturing businesses in the US, other objections have been raised in other factories such as Addidas. Among the major concerns in these businesses are low wages and poor conditions of working in Asian-based production plants. Bad working conditions pose a major threat to employee safety or occupational health. Therefore, the government needs to mediate to discourage self-regulation by putting in place regulations for enforcing minimum wages and safety standards while at the same time preventing unjust discrimination. Conclusion Businesses need to operate with policies that ensure that they defend the welfare of all their partners. Corporate governance and corporate responsibility may aid them to eliminate unjust discri mination, underpayment of employees, and the development of a business culture that undermines employee rights such as unionization. However, businesses that seek to operate as good corporate citizens develop and implement such principles. However, this move may not serve interest of all businesses. Therefore, by allowing the freedom of self-regulation on matters of minimum wages, safety standards, and preventing unjust discrimination, some businesses may exploit employees with the objective of making optimal profits. Consequently, government regulation is relevant on issues such as minimum wages, safety standards, and preventing unjust discrimination. However, it is essential to create a nationwide business cultural hegemony. Thus, self-regulation of businesses on matters of protection of culture is essential. Reference List Barney, J. (2007). Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Collins, J., Jerry, I. (1996). Building Your Companys Vision. Harvard Business Review, 32(5), 65–90. Powell, B. (2012). The Ethics and Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(4), 449-472. Rumelt, P., Schendel, D., Teece, J. (2009). Strategic Management and Economics. Strategic Management Journal, 12(2), 5-29. Shih, H., Chiang, Y. (2005). Strategy alignment between HRM, KM, and corporate development. Information Journal of Manpower, 26(6), 582–603. Trechiel, M., Scott, J. (2006). Women-Owned Businesses and Access to Bank Credit: Evidence from Three Surveys since 1987. Venture Capital, 8(1), 51-67. Ventola, L. (2011). Direct-To-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising. Journal of Managed Care and Hospital Formulary Management, 36(10), 681–684.