Gideon v. Wainwright Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gideon v. Wainwright - Case Study Example In Betts v. Brandy, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), the court modified this doctrine slightly, ruling, â€Å"that whether or not a lawyer was required would depend on the circumstances of whether a lack of representation affected a denial of due process, rendering the trial unfair. Due to the difficulty of proving the high standard of a due process violation, nearly all such cases involved the death penalty. This view had not changed by the late 1960’s. Today when an individual is apprehended by the police, he is informed of his constitutional rights; through being Mirandized, wherein he is informed that he is entitled to have representation and that if he can not afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him. In 1961 Clarence Earl Gideon had been charged with burglary for breaking into a pool hall in Panama City Bay County, Florida and taking money from the vending machines. He appeared in court too poor to afford counsel, whereupon the following conversation took place: The Court: Mr. Gideon, I am sorry, but I can not appoint counsel to represent you in this case. Under the laws of the state of Florida, the only time the court can appoint counsel to represent a defendant is when the person is charged with a 2 capital offence. I am sorry, but I will have to deny your request to appoint counsel to defend you in this case.... penitentiary. From his prison cell and making ample use of the prison library, Gideon appealed to the United States Supreme Court based on the fact that he had been denied counsel and therefore his fourteenth Amendment rights had been violated without due process of law. Mr. Gideon brought habeas corpus proceedings against the Director of the Division of Corrections. The Florida Supreme Court, 135 So 2 d 746, denied all relief, and Mr. Gideon brought certiorari. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to review judgment of the Florida Supreme Court denying habeas corpus on the ground that indigent defendant in criminal prosecution in state court has no right to have counsel appointed for him (372 U.S. 335) Mr. Justice Black held that the sixth Amendment to the federal constitution providing that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to assistance of counsel for his defense is made obligatory on the states by the3 fourteenth amendment, and that an indigent defendant in a criminal prosecution in a state court has the right to have counsel appointed too him. Like Gideon, Betts sought release be habeas corpus, alleging that he had been denied the right to assistance of counsel in violation of the fourteenth amendment, Betts was denied any relief, and on review this court affirmed. It was held that a refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant charged with a felony did not necessarily violate the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment,

Contamination and Risk Assessment in Environmental Law Essay

Contamination and Risk Assessment in Environmental Law - Essay Example In a nutshell, substance, range and quantity are key in this third level. The last stage involved risk characterization that looks at the data collected and its relevance to the environmental stressor. Transparency, clarity, consistency and reason are the principles that guide this stage. Ecological risk assessment is concerned with the potential risk f substances on a whole range of organisms including birds, mammals, and reptiles in the rivers. Human health risk assessment, on the other hand, is more interested with the lives of individual beings. Both of these concepts employ the same models, however, ecological risk assessment involved foraging range omitted in human health risk assessment. Ecological risk assessment heavily relies on physical impacts of the substance. For example, it considers the physical abnormalities on the animals, changes in color of the plants among others. The national resource damage assessment and restoration (NRDAR) projects aim to rehabilitate the environment mainly land and water sources from large oil spills and effects of mining activities. The program carries assessment on the damages to the environment and push for legal action from the relevant authority. The NRDA has continued to carry out many activities for the deepwater horizon spill. Some of its activities include assessing the damage the level of impacts from the spill. The project is also interested in implementing rehabilitation for the natural resources damaged during the spill. The final plan is restoration program, which will include compensation of individuals involved.

Alcoholism Is Destroying Our Society Essay Example for Free

Alcoholism Is Destroying Our Society Essay Alcoholism is the inability to control alcohol and have a strong craving for alcohol.There are cases where people are so addicted to alcohol that they cant remain without it whitin more than one hour.Some even drink alcohol as if they are drinking water.Alcoholism is really becoming a big problem for our society.There is no real cure to alcoholism other than to stop drinking. First of all i would talk about the effect of alcoholism.It has physical effects which are the most important as it can causes death. For example alcoholism causes cancer in the stomach, kidney and liver.Besides alcohol alters digestion of nutrients that the body needs to stay healthy.Alcoholism also causes severe damage in the neurons,so it causes alteration in the body movements,loss of appetite and depression. There are other effects in the body like gastritis and cirrhosis of the liver. All these physical consequences could cause your death if you drink alcohol in mass quantities. The second effects caused by alcoholism are psychological. At the beginning, alcohol makes you feel relaxed, but if you drink it in excess, it increases anxiety and causes depression. It also causes family and legal problems, violence, changes of behavior, suicide, among others. Alcohol is very powerful and alters all your normal behaviors.Moreover alcoholism causes economic effects as well. Alcohol is not cheap. If someone drink two or three times in a week, it could cost him a lot.People do not think about the money and spend almost everything when they are drunk. Studies show that some individuals are more likely to experience alcoholism at some point in their lives than others. For example, genetics can play a role in whether or not a person is likely to be drawn to alcohol. Often the children of alcoholics will have a higher risk of one day becoming an alcoholic themselves. Psychological problems also increase the risk for alcoholism. Individuals suffering from depression, attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder and many other psychological disorders often turn to alcohol to make them feel better or ease their suffering. This often turns into a dependency. How individuals experience alcoholism in their lives?Genetics can play a role in whether a person is likely to drawn to alcohol.Often the children of alcoholics will have a greater risk of becoming an alcoholics themselves.psychological problems also increase the risk of alcoholism.Individual suffering from depression,attention deficit and many other phsycological disorder often turn to alcohol to make them feel better or to ease their suffering.But this often turns to dependency.The family of those who suffer from alcoholism,may suffer as this person will need money to drink,the family might not afford to fulfill their basic needs.Moreover an alcoholism might lose his job if he cannot be active at work.This causes financial problems to the family. To conclude,alcoholism is destroying the person who suffer from it and his family as well,this causes harm to the whole society.Therefore measures should be taken so that the drinker stops drinking as there are no other real solution to this problem.If the drinker does this soon enough, some of the damage to his or her body may reverse itself. However, most experts feel that a person is an alcoholic for life, and will never be able to drink socially again without falling back into addiction.

Love Cycle Essay Example for Free

Love Cycle Essay The rain starts pouring that particular early evening. Other students run towards buildings for shelter, but I do not notice the cold. How I feel is more overpowering than the disgust I would have felt for me getting soaked at any other time. My feet automatically stop right next to the bench where I have first seen her. That was what, more than a year ago, and I have not seen her for six months now. My beautiful, sweet Angie. Nothing could have prepared me for that one, fateful night when I passed by the same spot on my way home and, against the darkness of the park, I noticed a girl with her head bowed, her arms propped against the bench, and her hair covering her face. It was raining then, too, and that forlorn figure got me worried in spite of myself. So I had approached where she sat, and carefully asked, â€Å"Uhm, miss? † She did not look up. Maybe she was a stone sculpture, until I heard a hiccup. â€Å"Miss, are you OK? It’s raining and, uh, it’s kind of dark here. † The girl slowly sat upright until she was looking at me directly. I swear I heard angels singing when she trained those eyes on me. But they were sad, tear-stained eyes. I could not help thinking what possibly made such beautiful girl cry. Yes, she was beautiful even with the dark stains in her cheeks. Despite the situation, the guy in me just could not stop checking her out. She looked tall and slender. Her hair was long, almost reaching her elbow. She had these thin eyebrows, the kind I usually looked at in women. They made her eyes look bigger and God, didn’t she have the longest eyelashes. What guy wouldn’t fall for a woman who looks like her? My scrutiny halted when she muttered, almost inaudibly, â€Å"I’m OK. † Her voice sounded sweet to my ears. I have never been a picky person, except when it comes to women. I can eat anything, anyone can be my friend, but I can never just pick out one woman from the crowd and pursue her ‘til she say that sweet ‘Yes. ’ I guess maybe that’s the reason why I fell hopelessly in love with Angie. She just appeared into my life without warning, and she never sent any signal to my direction that she likes me, too. A week after that incident, I was forced to do some researching at the main library. By any choice, I would have chosen to play hoops with the guys, but my grade was on the line. Little did I know that I’d see her for the second time, in the library. The funny thing was we were obviously looking for the same thing because we reached for an old book at the same time. When we looked at each other, I found out it was her. She must have recognized me because she tentatively smiled. â€Å"Uh, go ahead,† I said, ever the gentleman. She took the book and said, â€Å"I guess there’s only this copy here. By the way, I’m Angie. You were that guy. † It made me smile because she did remember. â€Å"Yeah! I’m Skip. † When she looked puzzled, I added, â€Å"Actually it’s Steven, but I’m usually called Skip. † It was a year ago now, but I can still remember the way she smiled when we studied that book, or the way her face lit up whenever she talked. Eventually we became friends as we found out we had the same teacher but a different schedule on a subject. That friendship entitled me to see her everyday and talk with her. As days and months passed, I became more attached to Angie. Sometimes I would decline my mates’ invitation for one basketball game just so I could accompany Angie to wherever she wanted to go. I found out that I immensely enjoyed her company because we have so many things in common. We both grew up in a broken family; she lived with her father, while I grew up with my mother. The comfort we found in each other after talking about a similar experience drew us ever closer. It dawned on me one day that I have fallen in love with Angie. Every time she’s away, it creates a hollow feeling that only she can fill. Even my friends noticed the change in me. I was too afraid to let her know. The last time I pursued a girl, she turned me down even before I could ask her. I felt that it might happen the second time around with Angie. That would surely crush my heart, or any chances of her and me ending up together. More days passed. I got the shock of my life when one night, while I was at the apartment studying with my friends, she came barging into the room wearing the biggest, most beautiful smile. I was imagining her telling me, â€Å"Skip, I just found out that I could not live without you! † Instead, she told me and everyone else, â€Å"Skip! My goodness, you wouldn’t believe this! Will finally asked me! † I frowned upon hearing that name. I only met Will once or twice, and it didn’t dawn on me that he was pursuing my Angie, too. I didn’t even know if the two dated. After Angie told me about him, I felt like the world was crushing me. Would she have worn the same, big, beautiful smile if I asked her? Probably not. I died when she next announced, â€Å"Skip, he asked me. How could I not say yes? We dated a few times but we always see each other during Math II and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I no longer heard the rest of it because I stood up and, without saying anything, locked myself in my room. I didn’t hear her knocking, nor her voice pleading me to come out and tell her what’s wrong. The erratic beating of my barely functioning heart was too loud for me to hear anything. What Angie said, it was like a dagger. After all this time, I’ve been building my courage to finally tell her how I feel. But she beat me to it, with a very cruel message. Anger, regret, and resentment rolled up until I couldn’t take it anymore. I wanted to shout, to hurt myself. But how could I rewind the time, back to the days when I was on the verge of professing to her? I never felt so bad in my life, not even the way I feel about my last unfortunate episode with a girl can compare. I have loved Angie, so much in fact that I can give up anything. I nurtured this feeling until it blossomed into full-blown love that is far from what any man can comprehend. I wanted her back. I wanted back my Angie. It was so unfair. I know I haven’t indicated that I feel something special for her, but how could she not notice? It was like telling me, in my face, that she doesn’t think I’m good enough for her. It was too much that I found myself crying into the night like I never did before. The tears just wouldn’t stop even if I reminded myself it was not a macho thing. But who cares? The woman I’ve secretly loved for so long, just fluttered away. I found out it was hard. Since that night I avoided her, ignored her calls, her messages. I was hurting so much that I didn’t want to see her. Eventually the calls and messages stopped. I barely saw her in the months that followed. If I did, she was in the company of that guy who could have been me had I dared to tell her. I tried to move on because I can see that she’s happy. I was just unsure if it would be a great idea right now to be friends with her again. So the days and months that followed, I immersed myself into studying, hanging out with my friends and signing up for other activities to help me forget. I knew there was no other way but to forget, and forget I did. So in that early evening, I sit where she sat more than one year ago. The rain was accommodating, falling endlessly and washing the tears from my eyes. I was not crying because of regret, but because of the fact that I really did move on after all. I prop my hands over the edge of the cold bench and watch as droplets of rain create ripples in the puddle of water on my feet. Suddenly, rain stops falling in the puddle but it does not stop entirely. A pair of shoes appeared just next to the bench, and I noticed that a shadow stretches over the lawn in front of me. A female voice carefully asked, â€Å"Excuse me. Are you alright? † Yeah, it’s time for me to let go. Time can heal all wounds, and rain can wash away tears. I couldn’t help smiling at the turn of two similar events: one more than a year ago, and the other, right now. With a smile I looked up into the worried face of a girl holding an umbrella towards me and I said, â€Å"Yes, I’m OK. †

Market Expansion Possibilities In The Auto Mobile Industry Of Pakistan Marketing Essay

Market Expansion Possibilities In The Auto Mobile Industry Of Pakistan Marketing Essay Chapter 1: Introduction The evolution of the automotive industry has been influenced by various innovations in fuels, vehicle components, societal infrastructure, and manufacturing practices, as well as changes in markets, suppliers and business structures. As the challenges of twenty-first century are growing day by day and business world is becoming more competitive and customer centric with fluctuating trends. The automotive industry is the industry involved in the planning, design, development, manufacture, and marketing. The automobile industry is concerned with profits and competition; with consumer demands for styling, safety, and efficiency; and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency. In 2007, more than 73 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide. This report represents a detailed and comprehensive account of the market expansion possibilities of the automobile sector in Pakistan and is documented on the directions of our subject teacher Sir Mustaghis-ur-Rehman. Our project essentially becomes the part of our course Strategic Management as this will make us implement practically what we have learnt throughout the course. Automobile sector is one of the most vibrant sectors in Pakistani economy with respect to policy changes, criticism on underdevelopment and lack of transfer of technology and head on collision with imported vehicles. The automobile industry in Pakistan operates under franchise and technical cooperation agreements with leading world manufacturers and can be broadly categorized into various segments, i.e. cars and light commercial vehicles (LCVs), two and three wheelers, tractors, trucks and buses and vendor industry. The  Automobile industry  has been an active and growing field in  Pakistan  for a long time, however not as much established to figure in the prominent list of the top automotive industries. Despite significant production volumes, transfer or technology remains low. Most cars in the country have dual fuel options and run on CNG(compressed natural gas) which is more affordable than petrol in the country. There are only three major passenger car assemblers in the market; Pak Suzuki, Indus Motors and Honda Atlas. Pak Suzuki has almost complete monopoly in the small car segment as it faces almost no competition other than the single odd Diahatsu Cuore produced by Indus Motors. In the Subcompact Sedan segment Toyota Corolla, Honda Civic, Honda City, and the Nissan Sunny are currently the only cars in production. There are still no locally made SUV, Mid or Full sized sedans available. We have analyzed the industrys dominant economic features because industries do differ significantly in their basic character structure thereby identifying the market size, scope of competitive rivalry, market growth rate, number of buyers and their relevant sizes. The competition prevalent in the industry and the strength of the competitive forces has been elaborated. The driving forces in the auto industry are highlighted and its impact on the Pakistani auto industry expressed. The key success factors that affect industry members ability to prosper in the marketplace regarding resources, competencies, product attributes etc have been pointed out. In depth analysis of the political, economical, social,technological and legal conditionsof Pakistanwith reference to the automobile industry will help in crafting a better strategy for the expansion. Automobile demand was strengthened by higher bank financing which shored up car sales despite the increase in prices during the first quarter of FY11. Chapter 2: Background This chapter covers the background of the expansion possibilities in the auto industry of Pakistan. As we are discussing the expansion possibilities; we will first have a look at the current situation of industry; where it is lagging and then what can be done for the future expansion. DOMINANT ECONOMIC TRAITS IN AUTO INDUSTRY Scope of the Rivalry: Suzuki is the biggest competitor holding 52% of the total market share. Following is Toyota with around 29% and then Honda with 10.4%. Other companies constitute rest of the market share. We can say that Suzuki is leading the industry and does not have a direct rivalry as market niche for Toyota and Honda is different. Market Size: In 1998 500 Million Vehicles on the Road, 49 Million New Registrations. Number of Competitors: The most dominant of the competitors are Suzuki, Indus motors for Toyota and Honda Atlas for Honda. Prevalence of Backward Integration: Partially integrated industry. Entry Barriers: Very High, Experience Curve, sizable economies of scale, brand loyalty, large capital requirements, access to distribution channels. Exit Barriers: High Fixed Costs, Specialized Plants and machinery to some degree, Shared facilities Pace of Technology: Obsolescence is not really an issue because of resale value and functionality. Product and Customer Characteristics: Segmented by Social Status and Value Orientation. Most manufacturers have broad product lines. Capacity Utilization: Capacity in Nos. CAR 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 1 Pak Suzuki Motor Co. Ltd. 120000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 2 Indus Motor Co. Ltd. 44298 53040 53040 53040 53040   53040 3 Honda Atlas Cars (Pakistan) Ltd. 30000 50000 50000 50000 50000 50000 Rapid Product Innovation: Many innovations in the 1990s, numerous cooperation agreements. In ten years, time-to-market went from an average of 60 months to 24 months. DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN THE AUTO-INDUSTRY Driver Industry Effect Slow Industry Growth More Consolidation, Larger firms in better position to reduce costs in production, purchasing, and product development costs Increasing Globalization Requires an infrastructure to manufacture and distribute vehicles internationally. Technological Change Encouraging more cooperative agreements Suppliers Larger Role Suppliers account for 69% of entire value. Working in parallel with suppliers helps to reduce time to market. Increasing Government Regulation Concerns regarding safety, emissions, fuel efficiency. Increasing emphases on reducing Costs Mature market requires new features, but at the same time manufacturers must be concerned about costs KEY SUCCESS FACTORS IN AUTO INDUSTRY The key success factors of any industry are indicators or milestones that measure your business achievements and help determine how well you are progressing towards your goals and objectives. Without determining your key success factors, you run the risk of needing to make expensive changes of direction later on as you have not aligned your objectives to the success of your business. Following are the KSFs for the auto industry of Pakistan: Positive Image One critical factor that often defines an automotive company is its public image. Because buyers entrust their safety, along with a sizable portion of their income, to a  car  company, the perception of the company figures greatly in the buying decision. Factors influencing an automotive companys image include advertising, word of mouth and expert reviews and opinions. Low Cost Provider Pakistan is a developing country and majority of the population is below the poverty line; the middle class is vanishing very quickly; there is an emerging need of a cost effective car which is fuel efficient and also low cost. Distribution Network A more practical critical success factor for any automotive company is a strong network for distribution. Because  cars  and trucks are not sold directly to customers, auto manufacturers rely on franchised dealerships to provide local showrooms. These dealers must be knowledgeable and reputable to sell cars, which is essential for the automaker. Like auto corporations, dealers are reliant on a positive image that may be influenced by, or influence in turn, the image of the automaker. The cars should be available also in the remote areas of Pakistan to capture market share. Cash Flow A healthy cash flow is another practical critical success factor. When an automaker provides incentives or lowers prices, it almost always sells more cars, but the profit margin may not be a healthy one. At the same time, an automaker needs to keep costs under control, including line items that are prone to fluctuation such as the price of raw materials and outsourced components. Achieving a sustainable cash flow is central to the frequent discussions between automakers and employee unions. Compliance Automakers must also ensure that the vehicles they sell are in compliance with various federal and local regulations. These include emissions standards, fuel efficiency and safety standards. While it may cost less to produce vehicles that perform marginally in these areas, the cost of a safety recall or government-mandated repairs are often much higher and difficult to anticipate. Flexibility An elusive critical success factor for the automotive industry is the ability to be flexible. Pakistan car buyers may change their buying habits quickly in response to factors like the state of the economy, the price of fuel and new automotive technologies. It is essential that automakers remain attentive to these trends and keep in place a system that can adapt quickly to create new products that meet the current and near-future needs of customers. Chapter 3: Industry Analysis Pakistan is an emerging market for automobiles and automotive parts offers immense business and investment  opportunities. The total contribution of Auto industry to GDP in 2007 is 2.8% which is likely to increase up to 5.6% in the next 5 years. Total gross sales of automobiles in Pakistan were Rs.214 billion in 2006-07 or $2.67 billion. The industry paid Rs.63 billion cumulative taxes in 2007-08 that the government has levied on automobiles. There are 500 auto-parts manufacturers in the country that supply parts to original equipment manufacturers (PAMA members). Auto sector presently, contributes 16% to the manufacturing sector which also is expected to increase 25% in the next 7 years, as compared to 6.7 percent during 2001-02.Vehicles manufacturers directly employ over 192,000 people with a total investment of over $ 1.5 billion. Currently, there are around 82 vehicles assemblers in the industry producing passengers cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses, tractors and 2 /3 wheelers. The auto policy is geared up to make an investment of $ 4.09 billion in the next five years thus, making a target of half a million cars per annum achievable. Government of Pakistan had undertaken two major initiatives in the form of National Trade Corridor Improvement Program (NTCIP) and Auto Industry Development Program (AIDP) for the development of the automotive industry in Pakistan. Engineering Development Board (EDB) is actively implementing the AIDP to increase the GDP contribution of the automotive sector to 5.6%, boost car production capacity to half a million units as well as attract an investment of US$ 3 billion and reach an auto export target of US$ 650 million. Automotive engineering is a driving force of large scale manufacturing, contributing US$ 3.6 billion to the national economy and engaging over 192,000 people in direct employment. The Auto parts manufacturing is $ 0.96 billion per annum. The demand for auto parts is highest in the motor cycle industry which is 60%, then is for cars which constitutes to 22% and the rest 18% is consumed by trucks, buses tractors. This demand is met by Imports which caters 22% while the remaining 78% is supplied by the local manufacturers. Due to the increase in demand for sophisticated machinery, the government has allowed duty free import of raw  material, sub components, components assemblies for manufacturers assemblers. Total import bill of machinery stands at $2.195 billion in the current fiscal year of 2007-08 which is 12.77% higher than that of the preceding year. The impressive growth in the machine tools and automation sector is directly proportional to the growth of the automotive industry which has become the fastest growing industry of Pakistan and contributes $3.6 billion annually to the countrys GDP.   The aftermarket for spares has also witnessed immense expansion over the same period, with imported parts playing an important role in meeting local demand. The spare parts market is given further impetus by a total vehicle population of approximately 5.4 million Pakistan has the second highest number of CNG-powered vehicles in the world with more than 1.55 million cars and passenger buses, constituting 24% of total vehicles in Pakistan with improved fuel efficiency and conforming to the latest environment regulations. Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Limited is a joint venture between Honda Motor Company Limited Japan, and the Atlas  Ã‚  Ã‚  Group of Companies, Pakistan. The company was incorporated on November 1992 and joint venture agreement was signed on August 1993. The ground breaking ceremony was held on April 17, 1993 and within a record time of 11 months, construction and erection of machinery was completed. The first car rolled off the assembly line on May 26, 1994. Official inauguration was done by President of Pakistan, Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari. Mr Kawamoto, President of Honda Motor Company Limited Japan was also present to grace the occasion. The company is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad Stock Exchanges. In July 1994, car bookings started at six dealerships in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. Since then the Dealerships Network has expanded and now the company has sixteen 3S (Sales, Service and Spare Parts) and thirty 2S (Service and Spare Parts) Pitstops network in all major cities of Pakistan. Since the commencement of production in 1994, the company has produced and sold more than 150,000 cars till Oct, 2008. All dealerships are constructed in accordance with the standards defined by Honda World over.  Ã‚   Indus Motor Company Indus Motor Company (IMC) is a joint venture between the House of Habib, Toyota Motor Corporation Japan (TMC),  Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd.vehicles in Pakistan through its dealership network. The company was incorporated in Pakistan as a public limited company in December 1989 and started commercial production in May 1993. The shares of company are quoted on the stock exchanges of Pakistan. Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Tsusho Corporation have 25 % stake in the company equity. IMCs production facilities are located at Port Bin Qasim Industrial Zone near Karachi in an area measuring over 105 acres. Indus Motor companys plant is the only manufacturing site in the world where both Toyota and Daihatsu brands are being manufactured. IMCs Product line includes 6 variants of the newly introduced Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux Single Cabin 4ÃÆ'-2 and 4 versions of Daihatsu Cuore. Toyota Tsusho Corporation Japan (TTC) for assembling, progressive manufacturing and marketing of Toyota vehicles in Pakistan since July 01, 1990. IMC is engaged in sole distributorship of Toyota. Pak Suzuki Motor Company Pak Suzuki Motor Company Ltd (PSMCL), established as a joint venture between Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan (SMC) and Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO) Govt. of Pakistan in 1983. Started commercial operations with production (S.O.P.) of Suzuki FX in 1984. In 1992, started production of MARGALLA at new Plant. In 1997, started production of 1300cc BALENO replacing Margalla. In 2001, launched the CNG version of MEHRAN, RAVI and BOLAN. By 2005 capacity expansion up to 80,000 vehicles per year were completed. In 2006, capacity expansion up to 120,000 vehicles per year was completed and production of 1300cc/1600cc car LIANA and BALENO commenced. In 2007, the third  Ã‚  phases of capacity expansion up to 150,000 vehicles per year were completed. Amalgamation of Suzuki Motorcycle Pakistan Ltd into Pak Suzuki Motor Company Ltd took place and new land of 120 acres was acquired for further expansion adjacent to current plant. In 2008, the company started exporting Suzuki LIANA to Bang ladesh. Pak Suzuki acquired a land of 25.22 acres at Lahore for setting up PDI centre, Spare Parts Ware-house, Regional Office and other related facilities. Nexus Automotive Chevrolets were sold in Pakistan well into the 1970s, after which the automotive regime was changed and Chevrolet  Ã‚  gradually withdrew to its home market in the United States. In 2004, after an absence of three decades, Chevrolet was re-introduced in Pakistan. Once again, a global brand with a product line-up suited to developing markets such as Pakistan, Chevrolet has made a successful return to the country. Working with Nexus Automotive, General Motors partner in Pakistan , Chevrolet can once again be seen on roads all over the country. Today, Nexus Automotive assembles the 1000cc Chevrolet Joy at Port Qasim (Sindh), and imports a broader line-up of cars, including Aveo, Optra, and Colorado (coming soon) from the General Motors global network. Al-Ghazi Tractors Al-Ghazi Tractors Limited (AGTL) was incorporated in 1983. In 1991 the project was offered for privatization, andacquired by Al-Futtaim Group of Dubai who took over the management control of AGTL in December 1991. Ever since   AGTL is a case study of rollicking corporate success. 50.02% shares of the company are held by Al-Futtaim Industries Co. LLC and 43.17% shares are held by CNH Global NV, with whom Al-Ghazi Tractors Limited has signed an Industrial Collaboration Agreement for manufacture of New Holland brand tractors. The Agreement is valid till April 2016. With expansions carried out in 2005, the plant is now capable of producing 30,000+ tractors per year in a single shift the most enduring competitive edge being the quality of our tractors, which are robust and sturdy and carry a local content as high as 92%. AGTL was the first automobile company in Pakistan to earn the ISO-9002 Certificate. Dewan Motors Dewan Farooque Motors Limited has one of the most advanced automobile assembly plants of South Asia. Located at Dewan City, Sujawal, Thatta, with a total project cost of Rs. 1.8 billion, the plant is built on an area of 42,000 square meters. Selection of the site reflects the commitment of Dewan Group towards building of a prosperous Pakistan and its contribution to national wealth. The project has provided direct employment to over 700 personnel. The plant is the first automobile manufacturing unit in Pakistan to be independently invested by 100% Pakistani investors. The annual capacity of the plant is 10,000 units on a single shift basis. The groundbreaking ceremony for the plant was held in June 1999, and the first Kia Classic rolled-out in a record time of six months. Today the modern state-of-the-art plant is rolling-out cars every day. This is the first and only automobile assembly plant in Pakistan with state of art robotic equipment. Dewan Farooque Motors Limited has technica l collaboration and license agreements with the following Korean companies: Hyundai Motor Company December 25th 1998 Kia Motors Corporation July 27th 1999 Ghandhara Industries The Ghandhara Industries Limited is a public limited company quoted on the Stock Exchanges and registered under the Companies Act, 1913 (now companies Ordinance, 1984). It was established in Karachi by General Motors Overseas Distribution Corporation U.S.A. in 1963 Lt. Gen. M. Habibullah Khan Khattak acquired these facilities from General Motors and renamed it Ghandhara Industries Limited. The Government of Pakistan nationalized Ghandhara Industries Limited in 1972 and renamed it National Motors Limited. In 1992 M/s. Bibojee Services (Pvt) ltd. acquired it under Privatization Policy of the Government, and adopted its original name Ghandhara Industries Limited w.e.f. 27-11-1999. The major business activities of the company comprise of progressive manufacture, assembly and marketing Isuzu truck and bus chassis and fabrication of Bus and Load bodies.   Ghandhara industries Ltd have a product range of ISUZU medium-duty vehicles (F-Series) light-duty Vehicles (N-Seies) in Pakistan. Hino-Pak Motors Ltd Hino Motors Japan and Toyota Tsusho Corporation in collaboration with Al-Futtaim Group of UAE and PACO Pakistan formed Hinopak Motors Limited in 1986. In 1998, Hino Motors Ltd., and Toyota Tsusho Corporation obtained majority shareholding in the company after disinvestments by the other two founding sponsors. Adam Motor Company We would do  great injustice if we fail to mention, the only large scale effort made by a Pakistani to achieve what others  Ã‚  failed to  implement or even envision. Mr.Feroz Khan,  founder of the  Adam Motor Company, Ltd.  was an automobile assembler based in Karachi, Pakistan. They were notable for producing the  Revo, which was Pakistans first homegrown company to assemble a decent car. Together with styler Mehmood Hussain, Chief Engineer N. A. Salmi and two fresh graduates from NED, Khan designed and manufactured Pakistans first car. In fact, Khan invested in the latest software programs to train his team using Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Khan is also Chairman and CEO of Omar Jibran Engineering Industries and has twice been Chairman of Pakistan Association of Automotive Parts and Accessories Manufacturers.  All their vehicles used Made in China components due to lack of a modern manufacturing industry in Pakistan. Initially Adam Motor was involved in assembling cheap Made in China light trucks, followed by a Made in China four-wheel drive off-road vehicle. Later they started manufacturing the Revo. The 800CC version of the Revo costs Rs. 269,000 (about $4,500) and the 1050 model is Rs. 369,000 (about $6,200). The Revo has also been built in accordance with EU safety regulations. Mr. Feroz Khan blames the politicians for the companys failure. The current auto update about vehicle production in year 2008, i got the report in recently from local magazine, i am subcriber of the said magazine thats why i have update information about it. According to the report which was published in February 2009 issue of Mobile World. The number of vehicles produced in country declined in the second half of last year to 59,288 from 96,448 units produced during first half in contrast to installed capacity of 383,922 units. It may be mentioned here that out of total number of 19 registered four wheeler assemblers 4 have already abandoned the assembling activities. Out of remaining 15 manufacturers M/s Pak Suzuki Motor Company was the top producer during July to December 2008 by making a total of 34,607 vehicles of six different types. Indus Motor Company was the second highest who produced 14,844 vehicles of three different kinds followed by Honda Atlas Cars who produced only two brands making a total of 6,154. Dewan Farooque Motors with 1,413 and Nexus Automotive with 197 were the other car manufacturers in the line. Sigma Motors, assemblers of Defender Jeep produced only 13 units in six months while Sindh Engineering had manufactured 25 Dong Feng light Trucks and Dewan Automotive Engineering formerly known as Delta Innovations produced 2 Star Trucks only. Similarly, Karakoram Motors produced 43 Kalash pickups. M/s Hinopak Motors was the leading manufacturer of heavy/ light duty trucks, dumpers, semi trailers, prime mover and bus segments which produced a total of 1,062 vehicles. Ghandhara Nissan followed through manufacture of 315 including 24 Nissan Sunny cars and Ghandhara Industries produced 308 Isuzu vehicles while Afzal Motors made 85 Daewoo vehicles and Bibojee Services produced 8 Kamaz prime movers. M/s Raja Motor Company, Adam Motor and Transmission Motor were the companies whom had abandoned the manufacturing of Fiat UNO car, Zabardast truck and Alif car, Bay pickup respectively. Similarly, M/s Roma Motor Company was the assembler of Roma Mini truck. During this period Suzuki pickup was the most demanded vehicle for Pak Suzuki Motors that topped by 9,267 in the company followed by 7,853 Mehran, 6,301 Bolan, 6,133 Cultus, 4667 alto and 386 Liana cars. Toyota Corolla was the favorite from Indus Motors with 10,130 units followed by 4,003 Daihatsu Cuore and 711 Hilux pickups. Honda produced 3,301 Civic and 2,853 City cars. Dewan Farooque produced 1,320 Shehzore pickup and 93 Hyundai Santro cars while Nexus Automotive assembled 197 Chevrolet Joy cars. It may be mentioned here that Pak Suzuki has installed capacity of 150,000 units, Indus 50,000, Honda 50,000, Dewan Farooque 10,000, sigma Motors 1,000, Sindh Engineering 3,000, Mater Motor 8,500, and Roma Motor 572. In truck and bus assembling segment Hinopak has installed capacity of 5,950 vehicles, Ghandhara Nissan 2,200 trucks buses and 6,000 Nissan sunny cars, Ghandhara Industries 3,000, Afzal Motors 3,000 and Bibojee Services 200 units, respectively. Automobile demand was strengthened by higher bank financing which shored up car sales despite the increase in prices. Similarly, production of some of consumer electronics rose sharply despite imposition of federal excise duty in Budget FY11. In fact, continued indigenization of automobiles partly contained the pass-through of currency depreciation on local prices, while duty reductions on imports of some electronic parts have helped firms reduce their costs. Car Financing and Sales (Jul-Nov) FY10 FY11 Disbursements (mln Rs.) 6,252 22,969 Avg. car price (Rs.)* 854,122 912,822 Car sales 42,166 46,822 * Average of 11 car models; Source: PAMA, Automark. Official Pakistani car sales figures only take into consideration the models produced locally, which gives a pretty good idea of actual car sales given imports are very limited. Nearly 1 in every 3 new cars sold in the country is a Toyota Corolla! It totals 44,098 sales over the year for a 29.7% market share. No less than 5 Suzukis follow, on top of which the veteran Suzuki Mehran (a 1988 Maruti 800), still holding very well for its age at 23,117 sales and 15.6%, and the pick-up Ravi grabbing nearly 10% of the Pakistani market in 3rd. The Suzuki Bolan (aka Carry) is 4th with 12,701 sales and 8.6% ahead of the Alto and Cultus. The plant capacity was increased in year 2005-2006 as the bank car financing was at boom. But since then it has been fixed. The table below describes the total number of cars, jeeps, trucks, buses, tractors and buses sold from 2001-2009.   According to Government Board of Investment, Automotive Industry   No of Units Number 01-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Cars 5 164,000 40,601 62,893 99,263 126,817 160,642 176,016 164,710 84,308 Jeeps 2 3,298 1,590 932 Light Vehicles 4 32,500 8,491 12,174 14,089 23,613 29,581 19,672 21,354 Trucks 5 17,500 1,141 1,954 2,022 3,204 4,518 4,410 4,993 3,135 Buses 5 3,900 1099 1,340 1,380 1,762 825 993 1,146 662 Tractors 3 50,000 24,331 26,501 36,103 43,746 49,439 54,610 53,607 59,968 Motor Cycles 55 733,000 133,334 176,591 327,446 571,145 744,875 839,224 1,057,751 493,592 EXPANSION POSSIBILITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES Increasing Demand for Cars: In Pakistan context there are 9 cars in 1,000 persons which is one of the lowest in the emerging economies which itself speaks of high potential of growth in the auto sector and more so in the car production. Rising per capita income with changing demographic distribution and an anticipated influx of 30 to 40 million young people in the economically active workforce in the next few years provides a stimulus to the industry to expand and grow. Resale of Local Assembled Cars: Resale of locally assembled cars is better due to availability of spare parts and after sales services and warranty Used imported cars have been selling below their cost at the showrooms for the last six months but consumers are not inclined to buy because of their low re-sale value and problems in parts availability. Quality of local cars: Initially when the import of cars was liberalized the quality of local assembled cars was unsatisfactory so the people of high income level group started buying imported cars and the sales of the local assembled cars started decreasing so the local assemblers started enhancing the quality of their vehicles so we can say that the quality of local cars is becoming the strength of the auto industry. OEM: The local OEM of Pakistan is well equipped with enough advance technology and skilled labor to produce parts according to the desired quality of any foreign company. CNG kit The advantage of buying local assembled cars is that they come with factory fitted CNG kits at the times when the prices of fuel rising at higher pace internationally. Mechanics: For local assembled cars mechanics are readily available in market and much cheaper so the buyer has not to worry about any problem that can occur in the car in long term whereas the availability for imported cars is a bigger issue for the owners and if somehow they are able to find one then the mechanics charges much higher than actually it should be charged. Import German technology and skills EDB wanted to build a Pakistan-German automotive supply network, providing opportunities to Pakistani automotive vendor enterprises to benefit from the German know-how and technology to improve quality, productivity, developing and marketing of value-added products. Foreign Investment and setup production facilities China National Heavy Duty Truck Corporation (CNHDTC), on

Tennessee Williams Life Story Portrayed in The Glass Menagerie Essay

Tennessee Williams' Life Story Portrayed in The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams' play, The Glass Menagerie, originated in the memory of Williams. Williams' family embodied his father, Cornelius Williams, his mother, Edwina Dakin Williams, his sister, Rose Williams, and his younger brother, Dakin Williams. Cornelius was an alcoholic, always away from home; Tennessee and Cornelius did not have a strong relationship, "By the late 1920s, mother and father were in open warfare, and both were good combatants. He came home drunk and picked up a bill-perhaps for Tom's clothing or schoolbooks-and he'd fly into rage."(Spoto, 18). Edwina, on the other hand, revered "refinement and the good manners of Southern gentry." (Barron's Book Notes, 2). Tennessee adored Rose immensely and were close as they could be. The Glass Menagerie is based on a mother and her two children who live in a dream world away from society. Williams' play is drawn heavily upon his family life and experiences; they are very much parallel to the events that occur in Williams' lif e. Tom is modeled after Tennessee, an ardent poet who works in a shoe factory; Williams was passionate about writing, "He[Cornelius] saw that Tom devoted to his writing as unnatural for a boy his age†¦ worse, Tom did not have companions among boys of his own age, not did he participate in sports."(Leverich, 82). Tom tries to support his mother and sister by working in a shoe factory even though he dreams to become a poet. His mother disapproved of him writing as well as his father, "Despite Tom's being published, Cornelius persisted in his belief that his son was wasting his time and should be thinking of a more practical way of making a living."(Leverich, 82). Tennesse felt so doleful and devastatingly miserable that he did not know another way of escaping reality but to write, "At the typewriter he transformed the confusion, the bitterness, the longings into poems, and for a time he cracked out a diary in which he recorded little anecdotes about St. Louis street life."(Spoto, 20). Williams's character, in like manner, felt that same emptiness, "He[Tom] is a poet by nature and feels that his environment is destroying his creative abilities."(Cliff Notes, 9). Amanda Wingfield mirror images Williams's mother, Edwina Dakin Williams. Both of these women... ...'s Book Notes). Laura and Tom do not like the dismal atmosphere of the apartment, "The new apartment had only two small windows, in the front and in the rear rooms, and a fire escape blocked the smoky light from a back alley."(Spoto, 16). Tom uses the fire escape as a break from the real world, "As he climbs the few steps to the fire escape landing light steals up inside†¦At last he find the key, but just as he is about to insert it, it slips from his fingers. He strikes a match and crouches below the door."(Williams, 55). Williams' play, The Glass Menagerie, is drawn heavily upon Williams' family life and experiences; they are very much parallel to the events that occur in Williams' life. Tennessee's and Tom's whole life revolved around their mother and sister. They were struggling with life's cruel realities which they were not able to face and defeat, but instead, ran away from. Tom can not lose his memories of Laura. He needed to find his own identity and try to find a place for himself in the world.(Barron's Book Notes). If he had stayed with his mother and sister, their illusions and dreams would have deceived him.

Pain for Pleasure Endured Essay -- Literature Pain Pleasure Essays

Pain for Pleasure Endured The intricate and complex nature of the relationship between pain and pleasure has been a source of contention and diversity of opinion for people of all eras. Shakespeare’s character Othello claims that "tis happiness to die." (Act 5 ln 295). In his situation the painful experience of dying is what he considers pleasure, he later verifies his belief in his statement by choosing to stab himself. Sir Philip Sidney, in his poem Astrophil and Stella states that "in my woes for thee thou art my joy" (108 ln 14). Astrophil finds his pleasure in the pain of his unrequited love for Stella. The complex relationship between pleasure and pain is reflected in the twenty-first century in addition to the Renaissance era. The Amish people choose to live in a world without modern conveniences and pleasures as they are acknowledged in the twentieth-first century. People who are taught from a very young age the dangers and health hazards contained in smoking continue and "Tobacco use remains t he leading preventable cause of death in the United States, causing more than 400,000 deaths each year and resulting in an annual cost of more than $50 billion in direct medical costs" (http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/issue.htm). In Wither’s emblem pain and pleasure are presented in a paradoxically coexisting relationship. Thomas More’s Utopia portrays pleasure as an entity unblemished by the experience of pain. Wither’s emblem entitled "By Pain on pleasures we do seize and we by sufferance purchase ease" (http://emblem.libraries.psu.edu/withe023.htm) expresses views on pain and pleasure which are the antithesis of those found in More’s "Utopia." The divergence in the authors’ viewpoints on the relationship between pain and pleasu... ...ous views. If the Utopians believed Wither to be a "heaven-sent" prophet then perhaps his words, which completely contradict all their views, could be accepted. Wither uses the image of a rose to reflect the essential idea of pain and pleasure in his poem. He claims that "her sweetness fast is closed in with many thornes." The Utopians would find a violet sweeter without the necessity of fighting thorns to enjoy the beauty. More’s ideal society conflicts strongly with ideals that have permeated society for generations. If pleasure is received without any pain can it be as great as the pleasure that contains the knowledge of the pain? Works Cited: Damrosch, David; The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Volume 1. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc: 1999. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/issue.htm) http://emblem.libraries.psu.edu/withe023.htm)